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Zheng Herong
Drilling and Completion Technologies of
Unconventional Gas in SINOPEC
September 2012
Outline
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion
Technologies
Technique Challenges
Up to July 2012, a total of 2,483 unconventional gas wells have been drilled in Sichuan basin and Ordos basin, China. 2,454 tight gas wells including153 horizontal wells 29 shale gas wells including 13 horizontal wells
Sichuan Basin terrestrial sediments 18 shale gas
wells,including 10 horizontals
Southern China Marine Sediments
11 shale gas wells,including 3
horizontals
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
Xinchang of Western Sichuan(U. Trassic Xuwu
Member ) Attained good oil/gas shows,4
Section/24.6 m, Total Hydrocarbon content:0.006-
47.57%
Yuanba of NE Sichuan(Jurassic
Ziliujing Fm.)
5 wells tested Daanzhai Member ,
yield rate of 4944-17904 mscf/d
Puling of SE Sichuan(Jurassic Ziliujing Fm.)
Production rate of 3884-4470 mscf/d attained in 2 wells of
Daanzhai Member. Decided as the first
commercial shale gas production area
Jiannan( Jurassic Ziliujing Fm. )
Jianye HF-1 tested Dongyue Member, yielded
rate of 434 mscf/d
Pengshui(L. Silurian) Pengye HF-1 L. Silurian
horizontal section (2263~2526.7 m), a 12-stage
fracture yielded gas rate of 882 mscf/d
Huangping(L. Cambrian)
Huangye 1 well tested Niutitang Fm., yielded
418m3/d
Shale gas exploration progress in China
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
1. Main features of unconventional gas reservoirs of SINOPEC Sequences Marine、Transitional、Terrestrial
Geological time
Marine sequences in L. Paleozoic and earlier(Proterozoic、∈1、S1)
Marine-Terrestrial transitional sequences in U. Paleozoic(C、P)
Terrestrial in Mesozoic(T3、J1-2)
Thermal Maturity
Highly mature for marine sequences(Ro>2.5%)
Lower mature for terrestrial sequences(Ro<1.5%)
Preservation Paleozoic marine sequences experienced multiple stages of
tectonics, is heavily faulted and structured Mesozoic terrestrial sequences is less deformed, with better
preservation condition
Burial Paleozoic marine sequences deeply buried Mesozoic terrestrial sequences has shallower, more ideal depth
Surface condition
Simple topographic conditions in Eastern China Complicated features in Middle and Western China
Water supply Ample water supply in Eastern China Insufficient supply in Middle and Western China
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
(1) Marine, Transitional and Terrestrial Sequences
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
Ages of major American marine shale (mainly in U. Paleozoic)
Basin name Appalachia Fort Worth Palo Duro Black Warrior Acoma Michigan Illinois
Shale name Marcellus Ohio Barnett Bend Floyd/Neal Fayetteville Woodford Antrim New
Albany
Age Middle
Devonian Series
upper Devonion
seris
Lower
Carboniferous
Upper Carboniferos
Lower Carboniferos
Upper Carboniferos
Late Devonian
Devonian System
Devonian System
Ages of major China marine shale (mainly in L. Paleozoic)
Basin name sichuan The middle Yangtze Lower Yangtze Qiannan
depression
Shale name doushan niutitang longmaxi shuijingtuo longmaxi hetang longyuan niutitang
Age sinian system
Lower Cambrian
Series
Lower Silurian Series
Lower Cambrian
Series
Lower Cambrian
Series
Lower Cambrian Permian Lower
Cambrian
(2)Marine formations of older geologic age
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
(3)High thermal maturity(Ro>2.5%)
Barnett Shale Ro contour
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
Fort worth basin, burial history from an Eastland well Burial history of south Diandong area from Dingshan 1 well
(5)Complex structure and highly variable preservation conditions
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
(6)Great depth variation
Depth:1981-2591m Barnett shale gas
1000 1000
1000
2000
Depth:1000-5000m
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
(7)Complex surface conditions
3.2 million km2 of plain area in central U.S.
Hilly and mountainous topography in Southern China
达县 南充
重庆 内江 成都
乐山
昭通 六盘水 贵阳
US “Shale gas factory” production mode
昆明
Topograpic feature ,south area of china
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
(8)Shortage of water supply in Western China
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
2. New requests for drilling & completion technologies
Steering technique to maintain accurate well trajectory
Requirement of optimized and efficient drilling against
greater well depth and complicated in-situ stress field
Improvement of multi-stage fracturing technique to enhance
well productivity
Requirement for more cost-effective drilling strategy due to
lower reserve abundance
Demand of more environmental-friendly drilling strategy due to
shortage of water supply and environment issues
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
Outline
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion
Technologies
Technique Challenges
1. Characterization of geological engineering environment
2. Techniques for optimized and efficient horizontal drilling
3. Wellbore stability technique for shale
4. Technologies of LWD system
5. Drilling fluid for horizontal wells
6. Horizontal well cementing in shale
7. Horizontal well completion
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
(1)For well design, distribution of shale, stress, content of gas and brittle
mineral shall be obtained based on seismic, logging and lab data.
Brittleness Evaluation with 3D Seismic Data
1. Characterization of geological engineering environment
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
(2) Continuous coring technologies in shale interval enables the calibration of
anisotropy description and geological parameters for terrestrial shales.
The core pictures of shale in well L69, SINOPEC
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
(3) Physical and mechanical parameters database of shale was established
based on analyses of mineral composition, microstructure and rock
mechanic parameters.
Shale mineral analysis Shale strength VS. mineral component
Shale component diagram
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
129.03 134.82
105.13
55.29 54.39
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Drilling period (d)
Before After
2. Techniques for optimized and efficient horizontal well drilling
Well configuration optimization:
3 layers casing configuration
Trajectory design & accuracy control
LWD, MWD, Rotary Steerable
Drilling period reduced by 48%.
(1) On the basis of well configuration optimization, trajectory
design & accuracy control, the wells can be drilled efficiently.
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
(2)PDC bit footage and life are extended, through cutter layout and
hydraulic structure optimization, based on logging data and rock
mechanic parameters.
M1952C Bit Logging data analysis
Maximum footage up to 1400 m in horizontal interval
2. Techniques for optimized and efficient horizontal well drilling
EM1616 Bit
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
(3)‘Well Factory’ improves D&C efficiency Avg. rig time of horizontal well was 52.3d in 2011, while Avg. rig time of cluster drilling is 47.7d; Avg. ROP was 7.34m/h in 2011, while ROP of cluster drilling is 8.28m/h.
2. Techniques for optimized and efficient horizontal well drilling
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
(4) “Learning curve” promotes the speed of D&C.
2. Techniques for optimized and efficient horizontal well drilling
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
3. Wellbore stability technique for shale
(1)Establishment of shale stability and risk prediction models,
based on mechanics research of shale formation.
Collapse cycle analysis
geostress
geologic structure
formation strength
Stress-chemical coupling analysis
Drilling data analysis
Laboratory test Logging data analysis
Triaxial strength test
D&S test experiment
Strength weakening test
permeability test
Shale membrane efficiency
Anisotropism analysis Wellbore
stress analysis
Pore pressure near wellbore
wellbore diameter analysis Wellbore enlargement ratio
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
(2) Geostress analysis Building pore pressure prediction model for optimal design;
Exploring wellbore collapse forecasting techniques to improve well
spacing and wellbore trajectory design.
3. Wellbore stability technique for shale
First spud : Wellbore :Φ444.5mm×86m Casing:Φ339.7mm×84m
Second spud: Wellbore:Φ311.15mm×2202m Casing:Φ244.5mm×2198m deviation:45°
First spud: Wellbore :Φ444.5mm×86.16m Casing:Φ339.7mm×82.16m
Second spud: Wellbore:Φ311.15mm×893.78m Casing:Φ244.5mm×889.78m
Before optimization After optimization
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
Developed high-performance drilling fluid system for SINOPEC shale oil and gas
reservoirs
----paraffin oil-based drilling fluid
----diesel-based drilling fluid
----under-balance drilling with strong inhibition drilling fluid
----amine-based drilling fluid
(3) Optimized drilling fluid system
3. Wellbore stability technique for shale
Spud sequence
M-HF1 Design mud
density (g/cm3)
M-HF1 Actually
mud density
(g/cm3)
collapse pressure (g/cm3)
M-HF2 Design mud
density (g/cm3)
M-HF2 Actually
mud density
(g/cm3) Second
spud 1.25-1.40 1.26-1.35 1.20-1.38 1.25-1.55 1.25-1.50
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
LWD measured gamma ray, resistivity and neutron porosity enables
real-time analysis of the rock characteristics and fluid properties, to
monitor the horizontal trajectory in the target formation.
4. Technologies of LWD system
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
In 3rd spud of well PYHF1, horizontal drilling achieved maximal daily footage of 270 m, average ROP of 10.26 m/h, and deviation between designed and actual bore hole trajectory is <1 m.
4. Technologies of LWD system
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
(1) Shale cutting recovery of over 90% has been achieved, by applying
polymerization amine drilling fluid with temperature resistance of 180 ℃,
under-balance, strong inhibition fluid system, and fluid application
technique.
Drill cuttings without adding polymerization amine
Drill cuttings with adding polymerization amine
5.Drilling fluid for horizontal wells
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
Application
Maximal well depth up to 4,718m
Longest horizontal interval to 1,698.7m
Drilling period reduced by 13.4%
Longest interval for individual bit up to 1,120.2m
ROP improved 25.3%
5.Drilling fluid for horizontal well
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
(2)Development of recyclable oil-based drilling fluid
Emulsifiers for Oil-based drilling fluids
5.Drilling fluid for horizontal well
Applications:used in 4 shale oil wells and 4
tight oil wells.
E.g. average wellbore expansion of 1.9% in
well Boye Ping1 and 2% in well Boye Ping 2.
Good plugging and leak-proof performance
Suitable for formation temperature up to 170 ℃
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
Oil-base drilling fluid recycling and reuse equipment
The recovery rate of oil-based drilling fluid for well Boye Ping 1 is 55%, and 60%
for well Boye Ping 2.
The oil content of cutting in well Boye Ping 2 was less than 3%, which meet
Chinese class-1 environmental emissions standards.
Oil-base drilling cuttings processing equipment
Cost and pollution reduction (successful application in 2
wells --- Boye Ping 1 and Boye Ping 2)
5、Drilling fluid for horizontal well
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
6. Horizontal well cementing in shale
Horizontal well cementing
Tech
Optimization of
cementing scheme
Tough and elastic cement slurry
Flushing pad with high
efficiency of oil removing
Liner tieback cementing
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
6. Horizontal well cementing in shale (1)Optimization of cementing scheme Optimization of cement slurry with excellent elasticity and
toughness Optimization of pad fluid with better oil displacing ability Cementing simulation and remote
transmission Simulation of optimized cementing
design Casing string centralization
Optimized design of centralizers
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
(2)Tough and elastic cement slurry
Characteristics high bond performance, high toughness, strong resistance to external impact
Effect analysis toughness coefficient improved by 90%, elastic modulus reduced by 55%
6. Horizontal well cementing in shale
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
(3)Water flooding and flushing pad fluids Characteristics
Improved flushing effect and enhanced the
cementing quality
Effect analysis oil base mud removal efficiency --- 81.2%
mud cake removal rate --- 59%
6. Horizontal well cementing in shale
Cementing slurry
Pilot slurry Spacer fluid Flusing fluid casing
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
(4)Liner tieback cementing
Reduced single stage sealing length
Liner hanger Pressure: 70MPa
Casing centrality in horizontal section:>60%
Casing centrality in deviated section: >67%
6. Horizontal well cementing in shale
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
Main completion techniques
Drillable bridging plug
staged fracturing well
completion
Hydraulic jetting staged fracturing well
completion
Preset sliding sleeve staged fracturing well
completion
Open hole packer +
sliding sleeve staged
fracturing well
completion
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
7. Horizontal well completion
(1)Open hole packer + sliding sleeve staged fracturing well completion
Tools: open hole packer, pitch sliding sleeve, pressure sliding sleeve
Standard : 4 1/2″, 3 1/2″
Heat-pressure resistance: 70MPa, 150℃
Stage number: 20
Applications: 100% successful rate and effective rate
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
7. Horizontal well completion
(2)Hydraulic jetting staged fracturing well completion
Tool types(4 1/2″, 5″, 5 1/2″, 7″), maximal 10 stage fracturing, applicable to casing hole, open hole or sieve tube well completion
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
7. Horizontal well completion
(3)Drillable bridging plug staged fracturing well completion
Drillable bridging plug-perforation in staged fracturing well completion Application limit 70MPa and 150℃, 100% success rate.
Drillable bridging plug
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
7. Horizontal well completion
(4)Preset sliding sleeve staged fracturing well completion
Maximal switch of preset sliding sleeve :>50
No impact on well cementing
Maximal stage number of sliding sleeve:no limit
Preset sliding sleeve
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion Technologies
7. Horizontal well completion
Outline
Major Features of Unconventional Gas Play
Key Horizontal Drilling & Completion
Technologies
Technique Challenges
1. Identification and evaluation of shale oil/gas
reservoirs with logging technology Challenges Quantitative evaluation of reservoir parameters, fluid types and mechanical properties of shale
Development of relevant logging instruments
Technique Challenges
2. Geophysical prediction and hydraulic fracture monitoring of shale
Map view of microseismic results
Brittleness Evaluation with 3D Seismic Data
Prediction of shale distribution, shale stress, content of gas and brittle mineral content based on seismic data
Research on microseismic technology for hydraulic fracture monitoring
Challenges
Technique Challenges
3.Drilling and completion techniques
——Optimized and efficient drilling technique for horizontal well
—— Wellbore stability control technique
—— Technique of borehole trajectory control in long lateral
—— LWD interpretation and evaluation
—— Completion and cementation of horizontal well
Challenges
Technique Challenges
——Measurement of shale
mechanical properties
——MWD /Rotary steerable drilling
——Sealed coring
——Elemental logging
——NMR logging
4.Manufacturing of equipment and corollary instruments
Challenges
Technique Challenges
5. Environmental assessment
SINOPEC Working Site in Guizhou Province
-----Environmental risk assessment and environmental management -----Establishment of measures for environmental protection and soil and water conservation
Challenges
Technique Challenges
6. Integrated design
Integrated design of reservoir geology, drilling,
fracturing completion, flowback and production.
Unconventional well
Reservoir geological
design
Conventional well
Drilling geological
design
Drilling engineering
design
Completion/ production
design
Fracturing completion
design
Drilling geological
design
Reservoir geological
design Drilling
engineering design
Flowback/ production
design
Technique Challenges
Challenges
Cost reduction through unified organization, supply and
operation based on ‘Well Factory’ method.
7. Cost effective Strategy
Challenges
Technique Challenges
Thank you for your attention!
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