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TreatmentDr Aseni Gammampila
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/brainbasics/index.html
Brain Basics
1. Antidepressants
2. Anxiolytics
3. Mood stabilizers
4. Antipsychotics
Medications for Psychiatric Diseases
Mainly to treat severe depression
Other treatable diseases◦ Obsessive-compulsive disorder ◦ Generalised anxiety disorder ◦ Post-traumatic stress disorder◦ Panic attacks◦ Chronic pain◦ Eating disorders
Antidepressants
Changes the levels of neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine can improve mood and emotion (physiology is not well understood)
Used for symptomatic relief of depression
In complicated conditions used adjunct with other methods of treatment
Mechanism of Antidepressants
Mode of action is slow
Improvement of symptom may only be seen after 2-4 weeks of continuous treatment
Change treatment if symptom relief is not seen after 6 weeks of continuous use
Increased levels of neurotransmitters can also disrupt pain signals sent by nerves (use some antidepressants as a reliever of chronic pain)
Mechanism of Antidepressants
feeling sick dry mouth insomnia erectile dysfunction excessive sweating
◦ Side effects wear off with time
◦ A course of treatment usually lasts for six months
Side Effects
1. Tricyclic
2. MAOI (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
3. SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
4. SNRI (Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors)
5. NASSA (Noradrenaline and Specific Serotoninergic Antidepressants)
Types of Antidepressants
Antidepressant drugs’ mechanisms of action
The chemicals most involved in depression are thought to be Serotonin and Noradrenaline
50% and 65% get well after a minimum of 3 months treatment with antidepressant
Older type of antidepressants No longer recommended as first-line
treatment for depression Fatal in an overdose More unpleasant side effects than SSRIs and
SNRIs May be tried when SSRI and SNR fail (in
severe depression) Can be used in OCD and bipolar disorder
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
amitriptyline (Tryptizol)(used also for chronic pain relief)
clomipramine (Anafranil) imipramine (Tofranil) lofepramine (Gamanil) nortriptyline (Allegron)
TCAs
Dry mouth A slight tremor Fast heartbeat Constipation Sleepiness Weight gain In older people,
confusion Dribbling urine faintness through low blood pressure falls
Not advisable in heart patients Dangerous in overdose
Side Effects of TCAs
Most widely prescribed antidepressants
Fewer side effects – less fatal
Fluoxetine is probably the best known SSRI (Prozac)
Other SSRIs include:◦ citalopram (Cipramil) ◦ paroxetine (Seroxat) ◦ sertraline (Lustral)
SSRI - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
feel sick and more anxious within the first 2 weeks
indigestion interfere with sexual function. rare episodes of aggression in younger or middle-aged people problems with urinating difficulty in remembering falls confusion hyponatraemia – in elderly
Side Effects of SSRIs
Similar to SSRIs
SNRIs include:◦ duloxetine (Cymbalta and Yentreve) ◦ venlafaxine (Efexor)
The side-effects are very similar to the SSRIs
Venlafaxine should not be used during heart diseases ( increase blood pressure)
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
1/3 of people who stop SSRIs and SNRIs have withdrawal symptoms which can last between 2 weeks and 2 months.◦ stomach upsets◦ flue like symptoms◦ anxiety◦ dizziness◦ vivid dreams or nightmares◦ sensations in the body that feel like electric
shocks
Serotonin syndrome is uncommon but potentially serious
levels of serotonin in your brain is too high
triggered by combined treatment of SSRI or SNRI or with another medication such as another antidepressant or St John’s Wort containing serotinin
Serotonin Syndrome
◦ confusion ◦ agitation ◦ muscle twitching ◦ sweating ◦ shivering ◦ diarrhoea ◦ Fever of 39.4°C (103°F) or above ◦ seizures (fits) ◦ irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) ◦ unconsciousness
Symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome
Early antidepressant -First developed in the 1950s
Rarely prescribed now Wide range of side effects Only used when other types of antidepressants
are ineffective◦ Moclobemide (manerix) ◦ phenelzine (nardil)
With MAOI treatment certain foods and drinks with protein called tyramine should be avoided
Red wine and pickled fish Can cause a dangerous rise in blood pressure
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Antidepressants may cause sleepiness and slow reactions
Taper off the dose than sudden stop If you have had two or more attacks of depression
then treatment should be continued for at least two years
Counselling is useful in mild depression Herbal remedies
◦ Hypericum ( st johns wort) Light
◦ Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) - a source of bright light which you have on for a certain time each day and which can make up for the lack of light in the winter.
Antidepressants
Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter affected by these medications.
Dopamine controls◦ Important, significant and interesting activities◦ Satisfaction◦ Motivation◦ Muscle control
Antipsychotics
Hallucinations
Delusions
Thought disorder
Extreme mood swings of manic depression/bipolar disorder
Overactive Dopamine
1. ‘Typical’ - the older drugs
2. ‘Atypical’ - the newer drugs
Types of Antipsychotics
first appeared in the mid-1950s
‘typical’ or 'first-generation' antipsychotics
block the action of dopamine
Older Antipsychotics
usually high doses stiffness and shakiness, like Parkinson’s disease slow thought process uncomfortable restlessness (akathisia) Sexual dysfunction if high therapeutic doses cause side effects
ancholinergics (Orphenadrine and Procyclidine) can be used to reduce the effects
long-term effect- tardive dyskinesia (TD) – continual movements of the mouth, tongue and jaw.
Side-Effects
Over the last 10 years
‘Atypical’ or ‘second-generation’ antipsychotics
Block dopamine
Also work on serotonin
Newer Antipsychotics
Sleepiness and slowness Weight gain Sexual dysfunction Increased chance of developing diabetes. In high doses, some have the same
Parkinsonian side-effects as the older medications
Long-term use can produce movements of the face (tardive dyskinesia) and, rarely, of the arms or legs.
Side-Effects
Newer◦ less likely to cause Parkinsonian side-effects
◦ less likely to produce tardive dyskinesia.
◦ more likely to produce weight gain
◦ more likely to produce diabetes
◦ more likely to give you sexual problems
◦ may help with “negative symptoms” in schizophrenic patients
Newer vs Older
Best antipsychotic medication Reduce suicidal feelings in people with
schizophrenia Minimal effect on the dopamine systems
which control movement Hardly causes any stiffness, shakiness or
slowness seen in other antipsychotics. May make increase drowsiness than older
antipsychotics
Clozapine
can affect your bone marrow, leading to a shortage of white cells – immediate discontinuation of medication ( followed with weekly blood tests for the first 6 months and 2 weekly blood tests)
Other side effects◦ weight gain◦ excessive salivation ◦ epileptic fits
usually only suggested after at least two other antipsychotics have been tried
Side-effects
Injection every 2-4 weeks
Difficult to change dose
Effects are known later
Difficult to monitor and control dose according to side effects
‘Depot’ Antipsychotics
Other ways of helping will usually be added to antipsychotic treatment rather than replacing it.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) Psychoeducation Family therapy
Benzodiazepines
Azapirones
Beta-Blockers
Anti-Anxiety Drugs
High-potency benzodiazepines combat anxiety
Benzodiazepines are potentially dangerous when used in combination with alcohol.
Effective for most anxiety disorders Overdoses can be serious, very rarely fatal
Benzodiazepines
Clonazepam (Klonopin®) - social phobia and GAD
Lorazepam (Ativan®) - panic disorder Alprazolam (Xanax®) - panic disorder and GAD. May experience withdrawal symptoms if
benzodiazepines are stopped abruptly ◦ Tapering off gradually is the best approach to stop
taking these drugs Benzodiazepines taken during pregnancy are
associated with birth defects (such as cleft palate)
Benzodiazepines
Buspirone (Buspar®) Newer anti-anxiety medication used to treat
GAD Act on serotonin receptors called 5-HT(1A). Works as well as a benzodiazepine for
treating generalized anxiety disorder. Takes several days to weeks for the drug to
be fully effective No withdrawal effects
Azapirones
Less pronounced side effects than benzodiazepines
Side effects◦ dizziness◦ headaches◦ drowsiness◦ nausea. ◦ must be taken consistently for at least 2 weeks to achieve an anti-
anxiety effect.
Buspirone should not be used with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Not addictive, despite long-term use
May be helpful for the patient whose anxiety disorder coexists with alcoholism or drug abuse
Azapirones
◦ propranolol (Inderal) ◦ atenolol (Tenormin)
block the nerves that stimulate a rapid heart rate
affect only the physiologic symptoms of anxiety- for social phobias and performance anxiety
Beta-Blockers
Lithium
Anticonvulsants
Atypical antipsychotics
Mood Stabilizers
Transcranial magnetic stimulation Deep brain stimulation
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Deep brain stimulation
Thank You
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