down and up along the proton dripline heavy one-proton emitter light one-proton emitter light...

Down and Up Along the Proton Dripline

Heavy One-Proton Emitter

Light One-Proton Emitter

Light Two-Proton Emitter

Heavy Two Proton Emitter

Proton Radioactivity

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40 Centrifugal (l=5)

Coulomb

Nuclear

Radius (fm)

V (

MeV

)

20 40

Strong Influence on Angular Momentum

V (

MeV

)

l=0

l=5

T1/2(l=0) = 3s

T1/2(l=5) = 81ms

E=1.25 MeV

Radius (fm)

-40

-20

0

20

20 40 8060

Lu15171 80

Heavy Proton Emitter

Long lifetimes due to Coulomb and angular momentum barrier Produce in fusion evaporation reactions or fragmentation Separate and subsequently stop in a detector for identification Use segmented silicon strip detectors for a delayed decay

1p Separation Energies (Odd p-numbers)

T. Radon et al., Pramana 53 (1999) 69

1p Separation Energies (Even p-numbers)

T. Radon et al., Pramana 53 (1999) 69

Structure and Deformed Emitters

C. J. Gross et al. 113Cs

A. A. Sonzogni et al. 131Eu, 141Ho, 145Tm

J. Uusitalo et al. 155Ta

K. Rykaczewski et al. 140Ho, 141Ho

T. N. Ginter et al. 150Lu

K. S. Toth et al. 151Lu

P. J. Woods and C. N. Davids, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 47 (1997) 541

Q-Values and Branching Ratios

R. J. Irvine et al., Phys. Rev. C 55 (1997) R1621

C. N. Davids et al., Phys. Rev. C 55, (1997) 2255

161Re167Ir

Where is the Proton Dripline?

“Short”-Lived Proton Emitters

C.R. Bingham et al.

100Sn

K. Sümmerer et al., Nucl. Phys. A616 (1997) 341c

rp - Process

5352515049

525150

5049484746

CoFe45

8079

8382

Zr

Nb

Mo

81

8483

M. F. Mohar et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 1571

B. Blank et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 2893

B. Blank, J. Phys. G 24 (1998) 1385

New Isotopes Along the Dripline

B. Blank, J. Phys. G 24 (1998) 1385B. Blank et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 2893

Prompt Decay from a Well-Deformed Band

p

D. Rudolph et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 3018

First Proton Radioactivity

7/2-

3.04

0

19/2-

247 ms

0

3.19

(7/2-)

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Ene

rgy

(MeV

)

0.840 0+

2+(19/2-)

+

26Fe2753

26Fe2652

27Co2653

1.5%

Joseph Cerny and J. C. Hardy, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 27 (1977) 333

-Delayed Proton Emitters

S. Czajkowski et al., Nucl. Phys. A628 (1998) 537

Light Proton Emitter

(Very) short lifetimes due to small Coulomb and no or very small angular momentum barrier (l=0,1,2)

Produce in transfer reactions or fragmentation Identify by complete kinematic reconstruction in flight

151Lu and 12O

Definition of Radioactivity

Joseph Cerny and J. C. Hardy, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 27 (1977) 333

“…should lead to lifetimes longer than 10-12 sec, a possible lower limit for the process to be called radioactivity.”

“…should lead to lifetimes longer than 10-12 sec, a possible lower limit for the process to be called radioactivity.”

Search for Di-Proton Emitters

Predicted by Goldansky in 1960 Until recently (?) elusive In-Flight Decay (Short lifetimes)

Ground State Excited States

Resonance Scattering Coulomb Excitation Neutron-Stripping

Implantation/Decay (Long lifetimes) Beta-Delayed Emitters Ground-State Emitters

Potential Two Proton Emitter

Definitions

Di-Proton Decay Sequential Decay

12O

11N+p

10C+p+p

12O

10C+2p

10C+p+p

12O 10C+2p11N+p 12O 10C+2p11N+p

Simultaneous Decay

12O

10C+p+p

12O 10C+2p11N+p

Three Body Model

L. V. Grigorenko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 22

Three-Body Decay Paths

L. V. Grigorenko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 22

Light Two-Proton Emitters

Two-Proton Decay of 6Be

g.s.

1.67

0.59

-1.374He+2p

5Li+p6Be

(0+)(3/2-)

(2+)

D.F. Geesaman et al., Phys. Rev. C15 (1977) 1835

Transfer Reactions with Radioactive Beams

O13O13 O12

O12

Be9 Be10

TelescopeC10

p Light ChargedParticle Arrayp

Production and Identification of short-lived Nuclei

Decay Energy Spectrum of 12O

= 575 keVEDecay = 1.77 MeV

Two-Proton Angular Distribution

Di-Proton

Sequential

Decay Width

Sequential Decay

12O

11N+p

10C+p+p

12O 10C+2p11N+pHowever:

Γcalc 10 keV

Γmeasured = 575 keV

Elastic Resonance Scattering

L. Axelsson et al., Phys. Rev. C 54 (1996) R1511

Ground State of 11N

A. Azhari, et al. Phys. Rev. C57, 628 (1998)

J. M. Oliviera, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 628 (2000)

K. Markenroth, et al. Phys. Rev. C62, 034308 (1998)

1.45 MeV

1.63 MeV1.27 MeV11N

Two Proton Decay of 12O

Old

New

??2.0 MeV1.8 MeV

1.8 MeV ~1.5 MeV

12O 11N+p 10C+2p

Di-Proton Decay of 16Ne?

L. V. Grigorenko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 042502

New Shell Structure?

Z=8

N=8

N=16 ?

N=20

??

Vanishing of the Proton Z=8 Shell ?

11N (-1.92MeV)

7B – 11N – 15F

5Li – 9B – 13N – 17F

Z=8

Vanishing of the Proton Z=8 Shell ?

11N (-1.27MeV)15F ??

Mass of 15F ??

11N 15F ??

Previous 15F Measurement

G. J. KeKelis et al., Phys. Rev. C 17, 1929 (1978)

Binding Energy

of 15F : –1.47 MeV

= 1 MeV

Theoretical Prediction

S. Grevy, O. Sorlin, and N. Vinh Mau, Phys. Rev. C56 (1997) 2885

Invariant Mass Measurements at GANIL

2%

87%

11%

Primary Beam: 24Mg Secondary Beams:

20Mg, 18Ne, 17F Fragments Energies:

35-43 MeV/nucleon Stripping Reactions Detectors:

SPEG SpectrometerMUST array

15F 14O + p

T. Zerguerras et al., to be published

Relative to KeKelis et al.

Binding Energy of 15F : Egs = –1.00 0.08MeV

= 1.23 0.22MeV

Mass of 15F !!

11N 15F !!

Two Proton Decay of 16Ne

Old

New

1.5 MeV1.4 MeV

1.4 MeV 1.0 MeV

??

16Ne 15F+p 14O+2p

15F

Two Proton Decay of 19Mg ??

Masses of 19Mg and 18Na are not known

Stripping reactions:20Mg 18Na 17Ne + p20Mg 19Mg 17Ne + 2p

~1.8 MeV

~1.2 MeV ??

19Mg 18Na+p 17F+2p

Theoretical Predictions

First Measurement of the Mass of 18Na

No events observed for 20Mg 19Mg 18Na + 2p

Binding Energy of 18Na : Egs = –0.411 0.05 MeV

= 0.34 0.09 MeV

Decay of 19Mg Sequential ??

~1.2 MeV

19Mg 18Na+p 17F+2p

0.41 MeV

Two-Proton Decay will most likely be sequential..

.. unless the mass of 19Mg is also underpredicted

Measure the mass of 19Mg

Intermediate (1p) Nuclei

Two-Proton Decay of 14O*

2HeSequential

12C+2p

13N+p

14O

6.57

0

4.63

2.37

3.517.77

6.59

5.17

9.72

1/2+

3/2+

2+

0+

0+

C.R. Bain et al., Phys. Lett. B373 (1996) 35

Level and Decay Scheme of 17Ne

-Decay of the First Excited State

M. J. Chromik et al., Phys. Rev. C55 (1997) 1676

Experimental Setup

Decay Energy Spectrum of 17Ne

Cou

nts

Experimental Setup

17Ne

Position sensitivedetectors

15O p

Target

40x40 Silicon strip detector: Low gain: ==> 15O position High Gain: ==> proton position

2x2 Silicon quadrant detector: 15O energy loss

2x2 Silicon quadrant detector: 15O energy

48 element CsI detector proton energy

40x40 Silicon strip detector proton position energy

2x2 Silicon quadrant detector: proton energy loss

Breakup Reactions in the Detectors can be identified using the new Setup

15O,2p17Ne

15O,2p17Ne

Reaction in the Target

Breakup in the First Pin

E in Pin1 [MeV]

17Ne Penetrating the first Pin

Breakup Pos. [m]

Coulomb Excitation of 17Ne

Decay Energy [keV]

Nu

mb

er

of C

oun

ts

M. Chromik et al, to be published

18Ne 17Ne* 15O + 2p

No evidence for 2p decay from

the first excited state in 17Ne

Two-Proton Decay of 18Ne?

J. Gomez del Campo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 43

One and Two Proton Decay

1p= 50 keV

2p= 21-57 eVJ. Gomez del Campo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 43

Correlated or Uncorrelated?

Relative Energy Opening Angle

J. Gomez del Campo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 43

2p and 3p Decay of 31Ar

31Cl

31Ar18.55

12.34

-decay

7.45

4.706.10

30S+p

29P+2p

28Si+3p

IAS

2p

3p

D. Bazin et al., Phys. Rev. C45 (1992) 69

I. Mukha et al., Nucl. Phys. A630 (1998) 394c

Two-Proton Radioactivity

W. E. Ormand, Phys. Rev. C53 (1996) 2145

W. E. Ormand, Phys. Rev. C55 (1997) 2407

B. A. Brown, Phys. Rev. C43 (1991) R1513

38Ti (0.4-2.3)x10-12 ms 39Ti 0.4-2000 ms 45Fe 10-5-10-1 ms 48Ni 0.01-3660 ms 63Se 0.3-5000 ms

Decay Width and Lifetime Predictions

L. V. Grigorenko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 22

45Fe: 2-Proton Decay at GSI

M. Pfützner et al., to be published

45Fe: 2-Proton Decay at GANIL

J. Giovinazzo et al., to be published

45Fe: Di-Proton or Sequential?

G. Audi and A.H. Wapstra,

Nucl. Phys. A595 (1995) 409

Bridging the Waiting Points

H. Schatz et al., Phys. Rep. 294 (1998) 167

Two-proton emitters and the (2p,) rates

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/index.html

17Ne ( ,2p) 15O

15O+2p 16F+p 17Ne

p

p

p

15O(2p,)17Ne

15O+2p 16F+p 17Ne

p

p

p

Q

-QzQz+1

Does the (2p,) compete with the ()

4

8

12

16

20

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0.1 1

Total Reaction Rate

T (GK) T (GK)

Den

sity

[g /

cm3 ]

Lines of equal rates:

p

p

20Ne(3He,6He)17Ne

V. Guimarães et al. Phys. Rev. C58 (1998) 116

New Level Scheme for 17Ne

V. Guimarães et al. Phys. Rev. C58 (1998) 116

5/2_

5/2_1/2+

1/2+

Modified Reactions Rates for 16F(p,)

Total Reaction Rate

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0.1 1

T (GK)

Does the (2p,) compete with the () now?

4

8

12

16

20

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

T (GK)

Den

sity

[g /

cm3 ]Lines of equal rates:

p

p

Use (,2p) to study (2p,)

Final nucleus following (2p,) is particle stable Use Coulomb dissociation (,2p) on stable nucleus Potential waiting point candidates:

15O(2p,)17Ne 18Ne(2p,)20Mg 38Ca(2p,)40Ti

64Ge(2p,)66Se 68Se(2p,)70Kr 72Kr(2p,)74Y

J. Görres, M. Wiescher, F.-K. Thielemann, Phys. Rev. C51, 392 (1995)

F. Käppeler, F.-K. Thielemann, and M. Wiescher,Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 48, 175 (1998)

68Se(2p,)70Kr

68Se+2p 69Br+p 70Kr

p

p

p

High T (>2GK) : total = (Z) + f(T)*exp(Q)*(Z+2)

Q

-QzQz+1

Low T (<2GK) : total = (Z) + g(T)*exp(-Qz)*p

Reduction of Stellar Lifetime

H. Schatz et al., Phys. Rep. 294 (1998) 167

Energies and decay properties of the Z(waiting point +2) nucleus:

Coulomb excitation: () and (,2p)

70Kr(,2p)68Se

Mass of the unstable Z(waiting point +1) nucleus:

Transfer reaction:

9Be(70Br,69Br)

68Se + p

What is needed?

Beam Intensities

70Kr(,2p)68Se 70Br

70Kr

68Se 9Be(70Br,69Br)

RIA: 8x107/s 70BrRIA: 4x104/s 70Kr

CC : 7x105/s 70BrCC : 3x102/s 70Kr

Conclusions

Still no conclusive evidence for di-proton decay Light nuclei:

“Phase space wins”: If it can decay sequential, it will Ground-state di-proton decay very unlikely Lower ground-state energies measured for 11N, 15F and 18Na Still unresolved problem of large width in 12O Measure 19Mg !!

Heavier nuclei: First evidence for two-proton decay in 45Fe Determine the proton correlations Measure the mass of 44Mn Deformation, structure and mass measurements