do’s and don’ts for writing medical paper s a special lecture for a writing workshop sponsored...

Do’s and Don’ts for Writing Medical Papers

A Special Lecture for a Writing Workshop Sponsored byThe Journal for Experimental and Clinical Medicine (Taipei)

March 7, 2012, Taipei Medical University

Winston W. Shen, M.D.Senior Editor for Clinical Medicine of JECM (Taipei)

Editor-in Chief, Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry Eng-Kung Yeh Professor and Chairman Emeritus

Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Attending, Department of Psychiatry

TMU-Wan Fang Medical CenterTaipei Medical University

E-mail address: Shenwinw@gmail.com

1. Introduction

2. Writing the introduction section

3. Writing the methods section

4. Writing the results section

5. Writing the discussion section

6. Writing abstracts

7. Conclusion

Table of Contents of This Presentation

1. Introduction

7. Conclusion

Expository Writing A kind of writing with the purpose of conveying information

To expose, vt, exposed, exposing

1. To deprive of shelter, protection, or care2. a. To make known b. To disclose the faults or crimes 3. To cause to be visible or open to view a. To offer publicly for sale b. To exhibit for public veneration c. To reveal the face of (a playing card) d. To engage in indecent exposure of (oneself)Merriam-Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, 10th Edition, 1993

“The best English is that which gives the sense

in the fewest short words.”

Instructions to Authors

The Journal of Bacteriology

“Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should

contain no unnecessary word, a paragraph no

unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that

a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and

a machine no unnecessary parts.”

—E. B. White

The preface of 1979 edition of

The Elements of Style

The IMRAD Writing

• Introduction

• Method

• Results

• Discussion

newsimg.bbc.co.uk/.../_43044307_eistein_416.jpg

“The whole of

science is nothing

more than a

refinement of

everyday

thinking.”

- Albert Einstein (1879-1955)newsimg.bbc.co.uk/.../_43044307_eistein_416.jpg

1. Introduction

“Where shall I begin, please you Majesty?” he

asked.

“Begin at the beginning,” the King said gravely,

and go on till you come to the end, then stop.”

Lewis Carroll (1832-1898)

Alice in Wonderland

www.psychedelic-art.net/albums/public/Alice_in_Wonderland.jpg

“A bad beginning makes a bad ending.”

-- Euripides

How to Write the Results Section(What did I find?)

• To summarize the data collected and their statistical treatment

• To collect the study data in tables or figures

• To make sure they can give independent stories in tables or figures

• To include only relevant data but give sufficient details to justify the conclusion

“A tabular presentation of data is

often the heart, or better, the brain,

of a scientific paper.”

-- Peper Morgan

“If a man can group his ideas, then he is

writer.”

-- Euripides

Twenty-four-hour Cortisol Changes inDepressed Patients vs. Normal Controls

Sachar EJ et al.. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1973; 28 (7): 19-24.

Lithium

Valproate Olanzapine Risperidone Quetiapine

Ziprasidone Aripiprazole Lamotrigine

Carbamazeoine Asenapine

Antimanicindication

For maintenance/prophylaxis

1975 1995

2000, 2003a 2003, 2003a

d2004, 2004a

2004 d2004, 2008a

f2004 h2009

2003 2009c

2007e,f

2005 2003g

The Years of the US FDA-approved Indications* of Drugs to Treat Bipolar Disorder As of January 2011

For bipolardepression

Shen WW. Clinical Psychopharmacology for the 21 Century, Third Edition (in Mandarin). Taipei: Hochi Publishing Co., 2011: 155.

*Chlorpromazine is not included here.aAdding lithium or valproate can increase efficacy. bCombining with fluoxetinecIn the formulation of long-acting injection dData up to 3 months

eRequiring to ombine with lithium or valproatefApproved in slow-release formulationgIncluding for the indication of mixed type hIn sublingual formulary

http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/medialibrary/images/other-size/rtd_cartoon.jpg http://aaapetersen.blogspot.com/

I thought that writing an article for JECM (Taipei) is more difficult than giving

birth to a baby.

Of course! Dear, you sure have something in

your tommy, but I do not have any in my head.

“I can give birth to a baby, but I can

not produce the data you want.”

-- Yao-Chi Kao Minister of Transportation Replying at a congressional hearing regarding the FTC scandal in March 2006

www.libertytimes.com.tw/.../today-life7.jpg

To Simplify the Large TableTo Simplify the Large Table

To remove unneeded rows and columns

To combine columns that are closely related by using slashes or dashes

Not to repeat data that are already in the text or in another table

Not to repeat any label information in the heading that may already be in the title or the footnote Mary Helen Briscoe 1995Mary Helen Briscoe 1995

Table 1. Demographics

A table from: Umbricht DSD, et al. Biological Psychiatry 2006; 59: 762-772

Healthy Controls 39

30.5 ± 7.1

27 W/7B/5O

First Episode Patients

23.9 ± 5.5a

19W/12B/410

Chronic Patients

39.0 ± 86a

12W/10B/2O

Winston W. Shen, M.D./5-2006

Recent Onset Patients

30.3 ± 6.7

9W/11B/6 0

M, male; F, female; W, white; O, otherM, male; F, female; W, white; O, otheraaSignificantly different from Healthy Controls Significantly different from Healthy Controls

Subjects’ characteristic and the mean lumber spin bone mass density (LS-BMD) z scores (Original Version)

VariableVariable

All subjectsAll subjects

SexSex MaleMale FemaleFemale

Age (years)Age (years) 2-102-10 11-2411-24

Taking anticonvulsantsTaking anticonvulsants Absent Absent PresentPresent

Disable patternDisable pattern Non-quadriplegiaNon-quadriplegia QuadriplegiaQuadriplegia

Mobility levelMobility level Ambulatory (A)Ambulatory (A) Wheelchaire (W)Wheelchaire (W) Bedridden (B) Bedridden (B)

Number (%)Number (%)

28 (100%)28 (100%)

16 (57%)16 (57%) 12 (43%)12 (43%)

17 (61%)17 (61%) 11 (39%)11 (39%)

21 (75%) 21 (75%) 7 (25%)7 (25%)

13 (46%)13 (46%) 13 (46%) 13 (46%)

7 (25%)7 (25%) 10 (36%)10 (36%) 11 (39%)11 (39%)

- Mean - Mean ±± SD SD

2.46 2.46 ± ± 1.061.06

2.58 ± 1.312.58 ± 1.31

2.31 ± 0.602.31 ± 0.60

2.04 ± 2.04 ± 0.790.79

3.12 ± 1.123.12 ± 1.12

2.29 ± 0.96 2.29 ± 0.96 2.97 ± 1.252.97 ± 1.25

2.01 ± 0.752.01 ± 0.75 2.89 ± 1.242.89 ± 1.24

1.66 ± 0.661.66 ± 0.66 2.13 ± 0.742.13 ± 0.74 3.28 ± 0.993.28 ± 0.99

pp-Value-Value

NS NS a

p p < 0.01< 0.01

pp < 0.01< 0.01

A-BA-Bb, , p p < 0.05< 0.05 W-BW-Bc, , p p < 0.05< 0.05

a. Not significanta. Not significant b. The mean difference of LS-BMD z score between A and B subjectsb. The mean difference of LS-BMD z score between A and B subjects c. The mean difference of LS-BMD z score between W and B subjectsc. The mean difference of LS-BMD z score between W and B subjects

Subjects’ characteristic and the mean lumber spin bone mass density (LS-BMD) z scores (Problems Shown)

VariableVariable

All subjectsAll subjects

Disable patternDisable pattern Non-quadriplegiaNon-quadriplegia QuadriplegiaQuadriplegia

Mobility levelMobility level Ambulatory Ambulatory (A)(A) Wheelchaire Wheelchaire (W)(W) Bedridden Bedridden (B) (B)

28 (100%)28 (100%)

16 (57%)16 (57%) 12 (43%)12 (43%)

17 (61%)17 (61%) 11 (39%)11 (39%)

21 (75%) 21 (75%) 7 (25%)7 (25%)

13 (46%)13 (46%) 13 (46%) 13 (46%)

7 (25%)7 (25%) 10 (36%)10 (36%) 11 (39%)11 (39%)

Mean Mean ±± SD SD

-2.46 -2.46 ± ± 1.061.06

--2.58 ± 1.312.58 ± 1.31

--2.31 ± 0.602.31 ± 0.60

--2.04 ± 2.04 ± 0.790.79

--3.12 ± 1.123.12 ± 1.12

--2.29 ± 0.96 2.29 ± 0.96 --2.97 ± 1.252.97 ± 1.25

--2.01 ± 0.752.01 ± 0.75 --2.89 ± 1.242.89 ± 1.24

--1.66 ± 0.661.66 ± 0.66 --2.13 ± 0.742.13 ± 0.74 -3.28 ± 0.99-3.28 ± 0.99

pp-Value-Value

pp < 0.01< 0.01

pp < 0.01 < 0.01

A-BA-Bb, , p p < 0.05< 0.05 W-BW-Bc, , p p < 0.05< 0.05

a. Not significanta. Not significant b. The mean difference of LS-BMD z score between A and B subjectsb. The mean difference of LS-BMD z score between A and B subjects c. The mean difference of LS-BMD z score between W and B subjectsc. The mean difference of LS-BMD z score between W and B subjects

Subjects’ characteristic and the mean lumber spin bone mass density z scores (n = 28) (Revision)

VariableVariable

Disable patternDisable pattern Non-quadriplegicNon-quadriplegic QuadriplegicQuadriplegic

Mobility levelMobility level Ambulatory Ambulatory Wheelchaire Wheelchaire Bedridden Bedridden

16 (57%)16 (57%) 12 (43%)12 (43%)

17 (61%)17 (61%) 11 (39%)11 (39%)

21 (75%) 21 (75%) 7 (25%)7 (25%)

13 (46%)13 (46%) 13 (46%) 13 (46%)

7 (25%)7 (25%) 10 (36%)10 (36%) 11 (39%)11 (39%)

Mean ± SD -2.58 ± 1.31

-2.31 ± 0.60

-2.04 ± 0.79a

-3.12 ± 1.12

-2.29 ± 0.96 -2.97 ± 1.25

-2.01 ± 0.75b

-2.89 ± 1.24

-1.66 ± 0.66c

-2.13 ± 0.74d

-3.28 ± 0.99

aSignificantly different, vs. the age group of 11-24 years, p < 0.01 bSignificantly different, vs. the qualdriplegic group, p < 0.05 cSignificantly different, vs. bedridden group, p < 0.005 dSignificantly different, vs. bedridden group, p < 0.05

Not to Repeat Any Information

in Tables or Figures in the Text

• Table 1 lists patients’ clinical characteristics.

• Fig. 2 represents the differences of HAM-D scores of the two groups.

• The patients had the mean age of 35 (ranges 19-30) years.

• Do not paraphrase the information in the tables or in the figures in the text of the result section.

1. Introduction

7. Conclusion

Writing the Methods Section

How did I do it?

A. To describe in the past tense how the data were collected

B. To report in the past tense how the data were analyzed

Writing the Method Section

How did I do it?

• To describe the procedures used to come up with the data collected in the past tense

• To report the statistics used in tables or figures in the past tense

Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial of Fluoxetine for Acute Treatment of Minor Depressive Disorder (1/2)

Judd LL, et al. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004: 161 (10) : 1864-1871

226 patientsrecruited

4-week placebo lead-in

64 patients not randomized 4—major depressive disorder 14—not a minor depressive disorder 4—having adverse effects

6— inability to be contacted 22—patients’ withdrawal to participate 10—medically contraindicated condition 3—other protocol violation

162 patients* randomized81 received fluoxetine81 received placebo

*Female 59.3%, Caucasian 90.1%, average age 43.5 years (SD = 11.7, range = 18-72)

Symptom Trio in Stevens Johnson Syndrome

Erythema multiforme of the skin Increase of body temperature Ulcerations in mucosa

Winston W. Shen/ M.D../10-2004

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Recommended Lamotrigine Dosings* in Adults to Minimize the Risk of Skin Rash

Week Daily dose

1 25 mg

2 25 mg 3 50 mg

4 50 mg 5 100 mg 6 200 mg

Bowden CL et al. Safety and tolerability of lamotrigine for bipolar disorder. Drug Safety 2004; 27: 173-184

*Titrating with half doses when co-administered with valproate *Titrating with double doses when co-administered with carbamazepine

Winston W. Shen/ M.D../7-2004

Bipolar I disorder currently or recently depressed

Lamotrigine 400 mg/d, n = 47

Lithium 0.8-1.1 mEq/L/d, n = 121

Placebo, n = 121

Screen

Preliminary open-label phase Double-blind phase

Stable patients randomized

2 weeks 8-16 weeks 76 weeks

The Design of the 605 Study: A Placebo-controlled 18-month Trial of

Lamotrigine and Lithium Maintenance Treatment

Lamotrigine 100-200 mg/d

Concomitant psychotropics

Calabrese CR, et al. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64: 1013-1024

(GW 605)

The differences between those two groups The differences between those two groups were considered significant if the were considered significant if the pp-values -values were smaller than 0.05. were smaller than 0.05.

We used t-test to compare the continuous variables and X-square for the categorical variables.

We presented the mean of body weights (±SD) in kilograms of the study patients and the normal controls..

Describing Statistical Analysis (Examples in Text)

1. Introduction

7. Conclusion

Writing the Discussion Section

What does it all mean?

• To discuss the most important findings of the study first

• To cite the literature with references in the present tense

• To mention the study findings (described in tables, figures or text) in the past tense

• To compare both of them constantly

• To throw away any undiscussed tables and figures

• To list limitations of the study

Writing the Discussion SectionWhat does it all mean?

(Samples in text)

• This study is the first to concurrently assess electrophysiological indices of the first episode patients. . .

(The opening paragraph)

• Our study has several limitations. . . .

(The beginning in the last paragraph)

Umbricht DSD, et al. Biological Psychiatry 2006; 59: 762-772

Winston W. Shen, M.D./5-2006

• As shown in Fig. 1, mirtazapine therapy was associated with a significantly greater decrease in sleep latency and a significantly greater increase in total sleep time as compared with fluoxetine therapy.

• As compared with fluoxetine, mirtazapine was associated with a significantly greater decrease in sleep latency and a significantly greater increase in total sleep time (Fig. 1).

To Cite All the Sources of Information Brought up in the Discussion Section (Examples: Part 1 of 2)

• Effects of mirtazepine at the 5-HT2 receptor have been speculated to underline its profile of enhancing sleep.27

• Stahl28 in 1996 speculated that mirtazepine’s effects at the 5-HT2 receptor can underline its

profile of enhancing sleep.

To Cite All the Sources of Information Brought up in the Discussion Section (Examples: Part 2 of 2)

Winston W. Shen, M.D./5-2006Winston W. Shen, M.D./5-2006

• The present study has several limitations. Thus, the findings should be viewed as preliminary.

• The limitations of the study are: (A) The sample size was small, (B) The medication assignment was not randomized, and (C) The data were collected retrospectively.

• The weaknesses of the study are (1) small sample size in total study subjects, (2) not being randomized in medication assignment, and (3) being from chart review in data collection.

To List Limitations of the Study (Examples in Text)

• These issues may be further clarified in the future as refinements in symptom measures and electro-encephalographic technique unfold.

• Apparently, further studies are imperative to clarify the issues of conflicting findings of the present study and those reported in the literature.

• To clarify those conflicting issues, we are carrying out a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

• To further explore those issue, a study is currently underway.

To Conclude the Discussion with the Need of Further Studies in the Future (Examples in Text)

• To put the interpretation into the context of the original problem

• Not to repeat discussion points or include irrelevant materials

• To be based on the evidence presented

Conclusion

Janet S. Dodd 1997Janet S. Dodd 1997

1. Introduction

7. Conclusion

A. To point out what are the problems in questions

B. To review published articles on those topics and to give comments

C. To justify the need for this current study

D. To give the purposes or the hypotheses of the study

Writing the Introduction Section

http://www.bradfitzpatrick.com/weblog/670/pregnancy-cartoons/ (Helped by Michelle Lin in 2009)

Karl, why do you keep telling people that I can cook potato very well? I don’t even know how to peel the potato skin!

Dear Inge, I have to give a reason for marrying you!

Figure 1. This figure is purely diagramatic. The twoFigure 1. This figure is purely diagramatic. The tworibbons symbolize the two phosphate-sugar chains, ribbons symbolize the two phosphate-sugar chains, and the horizontal rods the pairs of bases holdingthe and the horizontal rods the pairs of bases holdingthe chains together. The vertical line marks the axis. chains together. The vertical line marks the axis.

1. Introduction

7. Conclusion

Four Components of an Abstract Written in One Non-indented ParagraphWritten in One Non-indented Paragraph

Objective (Background)

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Four Components of an Abstract

for a Case Report

Written in One Non-indented ParagraphWritten in One Non-indented Paragraph

Method

Results

Conclusion

The Case (The Cases)The Case (The Cases)

Four Components of an Abstract

for a Case Report

Written in One Non-indented ParagraphWritten in One Non-indented Paragraph

Conclusion

The Case (The Cases)The Case (The Cases)

Biopsy specimens were taken from intact areas of antral Biopsy specimens were taken from intact areas of antral mucosa in 100 consecutive consenting patients presenting for mucosa in 100 consecutive consenting patients presenting for gastroscopy. Spiral or curved bacilli were demonstrated in gastroscopy. Spiral or curved bacilli were demonstrated in specimens from 58 patients. Bacilli cultured from 11 of these specimens from 58 patients. Bacilli cultured from 11 of these biopsies were gram-negative, flagellate, and microaerophilic biopsies were gram-negative, flagellate, and microaerophilic and appeared to be a new species related to the genus and appeared to be a new species related to the genus Campylobacter. The bacteria were present in almost all Campylobacter. The bacteria were present in almost all patients with active chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, or gastric patients with active chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, or gastric ulcer and thus may be an important factor in the aetiology of ulcer and thus may be an important factor in the aetiology of these diseases.these diseases.

Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet. 1984 Jun 16; 1 (8390): 1311-1315.

Abstract Abstract Example of an Original Version in 1984Example of an Original Version in 1984

How to Prepare an Abstract

Adding Headings of the Abstract Example 2 ( Slide 2 of 2)

*Objective: Patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration received a bacterial study on their stomach. Method: Biopsy specimens were taken from intact areas of antral mucosa in 100 consecutive consenting patients presenting for gastroscopy. Results: Spiral or curved bacilli were demonstrated in specimens from 58 patients. Bacilli cultured from 11 of these biopsies were gram-negative, flagellate, and microaerophilic and appeared to be a new species related to the genus Campylobacter. Conclusion: The bacteria were present in almost all patients with active chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, or gastric ulcer and thus may be an important factor in the aetiology of these diseases.

Expanded from: Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet. 1984 ; 1 (8390) : 1311-1315.

Added by W. W. Shen in red-colored words

*Objective: Patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration received a bacterial study on their stomach. Method: Biopsy Biopsy specimens were taken from intact areas of antral mucosa in specimens were taken from intact areas of antral mucosa in 100 consecutive consenting patients presenting for 100 consecutive consenting patients presenting for gastroscopy. gastroscopy. Results: Spiral or curved bacilli were Spiral or curved bacilli were demonstrated in specimens from 58 patients. Bacilli cultured demonstrated in specimens from 58 patients. Bacilli cultured from 11 of these biopsies were gram-negative, flagellate, and from 11 of these biopsies were gram-negative, flagellate, and microaerophilic and appeared to be a new species related to the microaerophilic and appeared to be a new species related to the genus Campylobacter. genus Campylobacter. Conclusion:Conclusion: The bacteria were present The bacteria were present in almost all patients with active chronic gastritis, duodenal in almost all patients with active chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, or gastric ulcer and thus may be an important factor in ulcer, or gastric ulcer and thus may be an important factor in the aetiology of these diseases.the aetiology of these diseases.

Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet. 1984 Jun 16; 1 (8390): 1311-1315.

Abstract Abstract Example of an expanded version in 2012Example of an expanded version in 2012

*Italicized words expanded by W.W. Shen

Table 1: Life Table for Principia College and University of Kansas Graduates, Men

1934-1938

1939-1943

1944-1948

1949-1953

1954-1958

1959-1963

1964-1968

1969-1973

1974-1978

1979-1983

No. Graduated

244 (29)

143 (19)

94 (13)

156 (10)

67 (6)

373 (3)

58 (3)

33 (1)

34 (1)

17 (1)

No. (%) Dead

No. (%) Live

No. Graduated

31 (36)

28 (24)

21 (21)

11 (5)

11 (4)

54 (64)

91 (76)

80 (89)

208 (90)

203 (95)

241 (96)

304 (98)

414 (99)

449 (98)

440 (99)

590 (71)

604 (81)

621 (87)

1393 (90)

1100 (94)

1420 (97)

2049 (97)

2950 (99)

3225 (99)

2918 (99)

University of Kansas Principia College

Simpson WF: Comparative longevity in a college cohort of Christian Scientists. JAMA 1989; 262: 1657-1658.

Table 2: Life Table for Principia College and University of Kansas Graduates, Women

1934-1938

1939-1943

1944-1948

1949-1953

1954-1958

1959-1963

1964-1968

1969-1973

1974-1978

1979-1983

No. Graduated

105 (14)

83 (10)

57 (7)

34 (4)

19 (3)

14 (2)

12 (1)

13 (1)

10 (1)

No. (%) Dead

No. (%) Live

No. Graduated

15 (16)

19 (15)

14 (7)

18 (8)

12 (6)

2 (<1)

81 (84)

108 (85)

186 (93)

196 (92)

205 (94)

231 (98)

332 (99)

413 (99)

540 (>99)

549 (>99)

658 (86)

780 (90)

811 (93)

754 (96)

584 (97)

738 (98)

1191 (99)

1790 (99)

2087 (99)

2360 (>99)

University of Kansas Principia College

The cumulative death rate of Christian Scientists who received an undergraduate college education at Principia College in Elsah, III, a liberal arts college for Christian Scientists, was compared with that of a control population that received an undergraduate college education in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. In this study, the cumulative death rate is expressed as the percentage of the graduating class known to have died as of June 1987. The study included the graduating classes from 1934 to 1983. The graduates from Principia College had a significantly higher death rate than the control population.

Adding Headings of the Abstract Example 3: Original Version ( Slide 3 of 7)

Adding Headings of the Abstract Example 3: Version with Headings Added ( Slide 4 of 7)

Objective: This was to study the life span of college-educated Christian Scientists. Method: The cumulative death rate of Christian Scientists who received an undergraduate college education at Principia College in Elsah, III, a liberal arts college for Christian Scientists, was compared with that of a control population that received an undergraduate college education in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. Results: In this study, the cumulative death rate is expressed as the percentage of the graduating class known to have died as of June 1987. The study included the graduating classes from 1934 to 1983. The graduates from Principia College had a significantly higher death rate than the control population. Conclusion: The religion of Christian Scientists can shorten the believers’ life spans.

Objective: This was to study the life span of college-educated Christian Scientists. Method: I compared the cumulative death rate of Christian Scientists who received an undergraduate college education at Principia College in Elsah, III, a liberal arts college for Christian Scientists, was compared with that of a control population that received an undergraduate college education in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. Results: In this study, the cumulative death rate is expressed as the percentage of the graduating class known to have died as of June 1987. The study included the graduating classes from 1934 to 1983. The graduates from Principia College had a significantly higher death rate than the control population. Conclusion: The religion of Christian Scientists can shorten the believers’ life spans.

Adding Headings of the Abstract Example 3: Version Shown with Problems ( Slide 5 of 7)

Objective: This was to study the life span of college-educated Christian Scientists. Method: I compared the cumulative death rate of Christian Scientists who received an undergraduate college education at Principia College in Elsah, III, a liberal arts college for Christian Scientists, was compared with that of a control population that received an undergraduate college education in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. Results: The study included the graduating classes from 1934 to 1983. In this study, I found that the cumulative death rate was is expressed as the percentage of the graduating class known to have died as of June 1987., The study included the graduating classes from 1934 to 1983. and that the graduates from Principia College had a significantly higher death rate than the control population. Conclusion: The religion of Christian Scientists can shorten the believers’ life spans.

Adding Headings of the Abstract Example 3: Copy-edited Version ( Slide 6 of 7)

Objective: This was to study the life span of college-educated Christian Scientists. Method: I compared the cumulative death rate of Christian Scientists who received an undergraduate college education at Principia College in Elsah, III, a liberal arts college for Christian Scientists with that of a control population that received an undergraduate college education in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. Results: The study included the graduating classes from 1934 to 1983. In this study, I found that the cumulative death rate was expressed as the percentage of the graduating class known to have died as of June 1987, and that the graduates from Principia College had a significantly higher death rate than the control population. Conclusion: The religion of Christian Scientists can shorten the believers’ life spans.

Adding Headings of the Abstract Example 3: Final Version ( Slide 7 of 7)

1. Introduction

7. Conclusion

Petsko GA. Having an impact (factor). Genome Biology 2008; 9: 107

God’s Impact Factor Is Zero

He did his best work long time ago.

It has never been repeated by anyone.

His idea were published in a book, not a peer-reviewed journal.

“Here lies Dan. He died in Japan, after being hit by a Chrysler minivan. All resuscitations were all in vain.”

-- An inscription on a grave tome

www.supplementsandnutritionguide.com/blog/ima..

“Published but still perished!”

-- An inscription on a grave tome

do’s and don’ts for writing medical paper s a special lecture for a writing workshop sponsored...

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writing workshop

vigorous writing

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discussion slide

introduction section

conclusion slide

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