do now what are cells? why do we need them? list different types of cells that you know of…

Do Now What are cells? Why do we need them? List different types of cells that you

know of…

Objectives Describe how cells were discovered

and named. Compare and contrast light

microscopes vs. electron microscopes. Explain what is found in a basic cell.

CellsChapter 7

What are cells? Basic structural and functional unit of

all living organisms! They come in all shapes and sizes Lets take a look…

http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm

Cells!

Bacteria cell

Nerve cell

Egg cell

How did we figure out cells even existed, what they looked like, what they do?...

Robert Hooke 1665- saw dead plant

cells from cork, tree stems, roots and ferns using a light microscope

Called them “cellulae” (small rooms) - reminded him of the cubicles or cells where monks live

Leeuwenhoek First person to observe living cells Made microscope with a magnification

10X that of Hooke’s- “Father of microscopes”

Observed spirogyra and protists

The “Cell Theory”

Scientists expressed 3 main observations about cells: All living organisms are composed of

one or more cells Cells are the basic units of structure

and organization of all living organisms Cells come only from the reproduction

of existing cells

Technology is the key! Cells were discovered using MICROSCOPES! Compound Light Microscopes-

Uses visible light to produce magnified image. Maximum = 1,000x magnification

Electron Microscopes- Specimen must be dead Use magnets and electrons Allows much greater magnification

Ex: Transmission Electron = up to 500,000x

Electron Microscopes

Transmission Electron Microscope- Electrons are sent

through a specimen

Scanning Electron Microscope- Electrons are sent over

the surface of a speciment.

Basic Parts of any Cell DNA/RNA

Needs some type of genetic information!

Plasma membrane Cell’s outer boundary that acts as a barrier

Cytoplasm Region of cell that includes fluid, cytoskeleton and all organelles except the nucleus Cytosol- part of cytoplasm that included molecules and small particles but not

organelles

Control Center Contains a cell’s DNA Nucleus- membrane- bound structure in eukaryotes Nucleoid- region of DNA in prokaryotes

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

Organisms can be made up of either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic Cells… Do not have a

distinct nucleus No membrane-

bound organelles Ex: bacteria (many

scientists think that prokaryotes are similar to the first EVER organisms on Earth)

Eukaryotic Cells… Contain a nucleus Contain membrane-bound organelles Makes up most multicellular organisms Ex: US, plants, animals, etc. (also some

unicellular organisms like algae and yeast)

Lets Review! Who discovered cells? Why was Leeuwenhoek so special if

someone had already observed cells before?

What are the different types of microscopes we talked about. Which would be best to look at tiny projections on the surface of a bug?

How are eukaryotes different from prokaryotes?

Do Now Students log in at m.socrative.com or

by launching their app. Do Not register for accounts. Simply enter my unique classroom

number to answer questions 420161 = My Room #

Objectives List the different organelles of a cell. Explain the function of each organelle. Identify each organelle in a diagram of

a cell.

Organelle Jigsaw Activity

Do Now

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Why do we need so many more organelles than bacteria? Explain.

Objectives To list and explain the different

organelles found in all eukaryotic cells. To compare and contrast animal vs.

plant cells. To understand which information

should be studied for the quiz.

Plasma Membrane

The wall!- protects the internal structures of the cell.

Determines what comes in and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm- clear

fluid that contains the organelles

Cytoskeleton- Provides the framework for the cell, holds organelles in place.

Nucleus Nucleus- controls

the cell.

Nucleolus- produces ribosomes.

Nuclear Pores- allow things in and out of nucleus.

Ribosomes

Makes polypeptide chains of amino acids, producing Proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough- contains

ribosomes and synthesizes proteins.

Smooth- No ribosomes, synthesizes lipids (fats).

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies proteins and fats and gets them ready for export!

Vacuoles Large water

“bubble” in a plant cell.

Maintains the shape of the cell, without it, the plant cell would shrink and the plant would wilt.

Lysosomes Contain enzymes,

break down cellular waste product and debris.

Centrioles

Involved in cell division ( we will talk about this more later when we do mitosis!)

Mitochondria

Convert oxygen into energy (we will talk about this more when we do cellular respiration!)

Cilia and Flagella

Used in cells for movement

Used in stationary cells for moving substances around the outside of the cell.

Chloroplasts

Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy (sugar).

Cell Wall Rigid structure

Provides strength for the cell.

Works with vacuole to maintain “turgor pressure”

Lets brainstorm…get with a partner!

What are the differences between plants and animals?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8

Compare and contrast plant and animal cells.

PlantsAnimals

Quiz Study Guide Organelles- what each of them do Diagrams- label both plant and animal

cell. Scientists- who were they and what did

they do? Cell Theory- what is it? Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes- what’s the

difference?

(the dots)

Start working on your “Journey through a Cell Project”

There is construction paper, colored pencils, and markers here for you to use!

Do Now What is the role of the membrane in the

cell? How do you think it accomplishes this

role? Draw a sketch of what the plasma

membrane looks like.

Objectives Understand the role of the plasma

membrane. Identify the components of the plasma

membrane and their functions. Define diffusion.

What ELSE does the membrane do?

Maintains an internal environment that is different from the external environment.

Regulates what molecules enter and exit the cell.

Made of a phospholipid bilayer

“Fluid Mosaic Model” aka the Plasma Membrane Lipids make it fluid Proteins and other components are

embedded like a mosaic.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqsf_UJcfBc

Phospholipid?? Gylcerol, 2 fatty acid chains, and a

phosphate group “Phospho”-Hydrophillic (water

loving) Polar (heads) “lipid”-Hydrophobic (water hating)

Non-polar (tails)

Monolayer Fatty Acids Cholesterol How blood can transport

Fats in bulk!

Water

Bilayer

Fats (hydrophobic)

Water or other hydrophilic substances

Water or other hydrophilic substances

Selective Permeability

controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

Controls AMOUNT of substances entering and leaving the cell

The bilayer makes up the plasma membrane that surrounds the cell!

Which of the 4 organic molecules do you see in the plasma membrane? –P.C.F.NA.

Cholesterol

Prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together

Identify chemical signals

Carbohydrates

Provide channels for transport

Proteins

Conclusion activity

Do Now- Label the different parts What is the name of the entire

structure?

Objectives Define diffusion. Identify the conditions that effect the

rate of diffusion. Explain facilitated diffusion. Compare and contrast active and

passive transport.

How do things get in and out? Everybody stand up! Gather in a group by the windows,

nobody is allowed behind the lab tables.

Cell Membrane (transport)

(H2O, O2, CO2)

(Ions, Sugars, AA’s, nucleotides)

Large and/or Charged-

Transport Protein

Small and/or non-polar molecules

T.P

Diffusion RULE

Diffusion-

Me

Movement of molecules from High concentration to Low Concentration by random motion

Diffusion RULE

Dynamic Equilibrium-continues movement but no NET overall change

Me

Explain what’s happening… Perfume-

Food Coloring-

Initial Conditions

DiffusionLow High

High Low

Diffusion Animations

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_diffusion_works.html

Things that Affect the speed of Passive Transport

1. Heat- Hotter the faster 2. Size- The bigger the slower 3. State of Matter

Solid- Slow Liquid – Fast Gas- Fastest

Passive Transport Movement of particles across the cell

membrane without using energy

Diffusion of Water

Diffusion of Water- OSMOSIS

Water can move right through the phospholipids from high to low concentration

Facilitated Diffusion Movement of materials across the

plasma membrane using proteins

Carrier ProteinsChannel Proteins

Transport Proteins`

Channel Proteins- Pores that allow charged ions to pass

through the membrane

Carrier Proteins- Change shape to help molecules pass

through the membrane

Cellular Structure and FunctionChapter 7

Transport Proteins Animation http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/

flashanimat/transport/channel.swf

http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/transport/caryprot.swf

Do Now What does “passive” transport mean? What are the different types of passive

transport? What is the difference between passive

and active transport?

Objectives To explain active transport. To understand what happens during

osmosis. To compare and contrast hypertonic,

hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.

Concept Map of Diffusion

Active Transport

Specific protein can pump molecules across the membrane

Usually in opposite direction of diffusion (Low concentration to high concentration)

Requires ENERGY (ATP)

http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/transport/secondary%20active%20transport.swf

Sodium Potassium Pump

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_sodium_potassium_pump_works.html

http://www.sinauer.com/cooper/4e/animations1302.html

Sodium Potassium Pump

Type of Active Transport Moves three Na+ ions out of the cell

and two K+ ions into the cell

Osmosis RULE

-Water always flows via osmosis from HIGH water concentration to LOW water concentration through a semi permeable membrane.

Osmosis Which container has more water in it?

http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/transport/osmosis.swf

Osmosis- diffusion of water across a membrane RULE

-Water always flows via osmosis from HIGH water concentration to LOW water concentration

-Remember SALT SUCKS- cell shrinks

22% Salt

5% Salt

H2O H2O

22% Salt

45% Salt

Osmosis- diffusion of water across a membraneRULE

-Water always flows via osmosis from HIGH water concentration to LOW water concentration

-Cell bursts!

H2O H2O

Cellular Structure and FunctionChapter 7

Blood CellPlant Cell

Isotonic Solution

Cellular Structure and Function

Water and dissolved substances diffuse into and out of the cell at the same rate.

11,397x

Blood Cell

Hypotonic Solution

Solute concentration is higher inside the cell.

Water diffuses into the cell.

Plant Cell

13,000x

Plant Cell

Hypertonic Solution

Solute concentration is higher outside the cell.

Water diffuses out of the cell.

Blood Cell

13,000x

3 Types of Solutions

Cell in ________ Solution

Cell in ________ Solution

Cell in ________ Solution

H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O

For each solution, determine if the solute concentration of the solution is high, the same, or low as compared the cell.

3 Types of Solutions Plasmolysis: State where plant cells shrink in

hypertonic environment (animal cells= “crenates”)

Turgid: State where plant cells swell in hypotonic solution (animal cells=Lyse)

Flaccid: State where a plant cell is placed in isotonic solution

Cytolysis: State where cells Burst in hypotonic environment

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/Osmosis.htm

Osmotic Pressure Pressure builds up as water moves in

and out via Osmosis In plants called Turger Pressure

Worksheet

Usually Transported by Vesicles

Endocytosis-

Into the cell

Exocytosis-

Exiting the cell

Transport of Large Molecules

What kind of molecules do you think are usually found in the Vesicle?