do now 1. all living things are made of _______ 2. what is the nucleus important for? 3. what’s...
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Do Now• 1. All living things are made of _______
• 2. What is the nucleus important for?
• 3. What’s one fact about prokaryotes
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Unit 3:Cells!
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• When sound waves hit our eardrum, they set up vibrations that move into the inner ear, where millions of tiny hairs convert them into electrical impulses, which our brains interpret as sound. Loud sound can damage these hairs. If it's brief and not too loud, the hairs recover, but prolonged, loud sound kills the hairs. The more of them we lose, the less sound we can hear.
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•1 in 6 teenagers already have permanent damage!
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Basic Structure of a Cell
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
1.CELL (makes up ALL organisms)
2.TISSUE (cells working together)
3.ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …)
4.ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory
…)
5.ORGANISM
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Robert Hooke, 1664• Monk• First to view cork cells under
his microscope
• Interesting story on Hook and Sir Issac Newton
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What is a Cell?A CELL IS…• The smallest unit of LIFE• the smallest unit biologists study
Levels of Organization of living things:
CELL TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM
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What is an ORGANELLE?
• Cells have smaller parts inside them called ORGANELLES
• This means “LITTLE ORGAN.”
• They perform special functions for the cell to keep it (and the organism) alive
• ALL cells have organelles
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Which Cell Type is Which Cell Type is Larger?Larger?
Three Basic types of cells include:
_________ ___________ _________ Plant cell Animal cellBacteria
How many
organelles can you identify?
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Number of CellsNumber of CellsAlthough ALL living things are
made of cells, organisms may be:
• Unicellular – composed of one cell
• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc.
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Re-loop: What is the PURPOSE of all cells?
• The purpose of ALL cells is that they make PROTEINS!!!!!
• Proteins control almost everything in living organisms, so all organelles are working to help make them!
• Think of your cells as PROTEIN FACTORIES!
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What is CELL THEORY?
1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
3. New cells come form existing cells (cell division)
There are 2 types of cells
PROKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
Prokaryotic vs. Prokaryotic vs. EukaryoticEukaryotic
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Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Size Smaller and simpler (most are unicellular)
Larger and more complex (most are multicellular)
Evolutionary Age
Older Younger
Nucleus? Do NOT have a nucleus (DNA floats around the cell and looks like a twisted string)
DOES contain a nucleus (DNA is inside the nucleus)
Organelles? ONLY: Cell Wall, Cell Membrane and Ribosomes
Everything
DNA? DNA is free float in the cytoplasm DNA is inside the nucleus
Examples Bacteria Plants, Animals, Fungi
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Prokaryotes – the first Prokaryotes – the first cellscells
• Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA
• Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan)
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins
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Eukaryotes
• Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• More complex type of cells
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Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
•Nucleus•Cell Membrane•Cytoplasm with
organelles
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Huge Size Difference!
Eukariotic Cells are BIGGER!
Prokaryotic Cells are
TINY!
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Cell Project!
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Right corner if you’re a VISUAL learnerLeft corner if you’re an AUDITORY learner
Front if you’re just a straight forward learner
Cell Project
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Rubric – This is EXACTLY how you’ll be graded!
Utilize all your resources to put together your project (ipad, miss
k, group mates, text book)
Expectations:Roles:
Individual Project: 3D model
1. What is an organelle
2. Name 3 organelles that prokaryotes and eukaryotes
share
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Do Now, 9/25/12
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OrganellesOrganelles
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OrganellesOrganelles
•Very small (Microscopic)•Perform various functions for
a cell•Found in the cytoplasm•May or may not be
membrane-bound
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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles
NucleolusNucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Centrioles
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Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
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Cell or Plasma MembraneCell or Plasma Membrane
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins
• Surrounds outside of ALL cells• Controls what enters or leaves the cell
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The Cell Membrane is The Cell Membrane is FluidFluid
Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing
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•Nonliving layer•Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria
•Made of cellulose in plants
Cell wallCell WallCell Wall
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Cell WallCell Wall• Supports and
protects cell• Found outside of
the cell membrane
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•Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell
cytoplasm
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•Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
•Found in ALL cells
More on CytoplasmMore on Cytoplasmcytoplasm
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•Controls the normal activities of the cell
•Contains the DNA in chromosomes
•Usually the largest organelle
The Control Organelle - The Control Organelle - NucleusNucleus
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Inside the Nucleus -The genetic material (DNA) is
found
DNA is spread out And appears as
CHROMATINin non-dividing cells
DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming
as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells
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What Does DNA do?What Does DNA do?DNA is the hereditary
material of the cell
Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins
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MitochondrionMitochondrion(plural = mitochondria)(plural = mitochondria)
• “Powerhouse” of the cell
• Generate cellular energy (ATP)
• More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria
• Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria
• Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)
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MITOCHONDRIASurrounded by a
DOUBLE membrane
Prokaryote eating prokaryote theory!
Has its own DNA
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Interesting Fact ---Interesting Fact ---
• Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization
Therefore …• You inherit your
mitochondria from your mother!copyright cmassengale
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Rod shape
Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion( mitochondria )
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What do mitochondria What do mitochondria do?do?
Burns glucose to release energy (ATP)
Stores energy as ATP
“Power plant” of the cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum - EREndoplasmic Reticulum - ER
Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH
• Network of hollow membrane tubules• Functions in Synthesis of cell products
& Transport
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)(Rough ER)
• Has ribosomes on its surface
• Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell
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Rough Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)Reticulum (Rough ER)
• Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface
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Smooth Endoplasmic Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum
• Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface
• Is attached to the ends of rough ER
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Functions of the Smooth Functions of the Smooth ERER• Makes
membrane lipids (steroids)
• Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
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Endomembrane System
Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)
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RibosomesRibosomes• Join amino acids to make proteins• Process called protein synthesis
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RibosomesRibosomes
Can be attached to Rough ER
OR
Be free (unattached
) in the cytoplasm
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Golgi BodiesGolgi Bodies• Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened
sacssacs• Have a shipping side Have a shipping side
((trans facetrans face) and ) and receiving side (receiving side (cis cis faceface))
Transport
vesicle
CIS
TRANS
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Golgi BodiesGolgi BodiesLook like a stack of pancakes
Modify, sort, & packagemolecules from ERfor storage OR transport out of cell
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GolgiGolgi
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Golgi AnimationGolgi Animation
Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by
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VacuolesVacuoles• Fluid filled sacks for storage• Small or absent in animal cells• Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole• No vacuoles in bacterial cells
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Contractile Contractile VacuoleVacuole
• Found in unicellular protists like paramecia
• Regulate water intake by pumping out excess (homeostasis)
• Keeps the cell from lysing (bursting)
Contractile vacuole animation
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Use energy from sunlight to
make own food (glucose)• Energy from sun stored in
the Chemical Bonds of Sugars
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Surrounded by
DOUBLE membrane
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• Contains its own DNA
• Never in animal or bacterial cells
• Photosynthesis – food making process
Prokaryote or Eukaryote?
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Prokaryote or Eukaryote?
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Identify…• A. walls, roof, floor• Hallways• Machines• Hallways with
machines attachd to them
• Hallways without machines attached to them
• The control center
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•The machine shop
•The packaging center
•The storage area
•The power generators
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