discussion on water issues led by anil mehta...

Discussion on Water Issues

Led By

Anil Mehta

aniljheel@gmail.com

1

Water Problems

•OVERUSE (Quantity)

• MISUSE (Quality)

• ABUSE (Empathy)

5

Hydrological Cycle

Water Reserves on Earth

Lakes hold ~90% of liquid freshwater

on Earth surface

Distribution of World’s WaterMost easily available sources of freshwater are lakes and reservoirs.

Even rivers are chains of reservoirs for most part of an year

Total water on the planet: ~14 x 108

km3

Oceans = 97.5Freshwater = 2.5%

Easily accessible surface

freshwater = 0.01%

Source: I.A. Shiklomana (1990)

Water Availability in India

AreaAverage Annual Rainfall

PrecipitationAnnual Flow in Rivers

3290 bsm1200 mm4000 bcm

1869 bcm (46% of total precipitation)

Annual Utilizable Water Surface Water - 690 bcm (17% of total)

Ground Water - 432 bcm

Distribution of Precipitation Evaporation - 700 bcmPercolation - 1150 bcm (650 soil

moisture and 500 bcm ground water)

Runoff - 2150 bcm (52% of total)

How Much Water We Need : Global Standards

Sustainability IndexCum/capita/year

Condition

More than 1700 No Stress

1000 to 1700 Stress

500 to 1000 Scarcity

Less than 500 Acute Shortage

Population and Water Availability in India

Year Population inMillions

Water availabilitycum/capita/year

1947 400 5000

2000 1000 2000(1/3 of the world average)

2025 1390 1500

2050 1600 1000

Projected water scenario by 2025

Ideal & Optimum Water Requirement

Item % of Total Reasonable Quantity

Domestic 8 to 9% 100-180 lpcd

Industrial + Energy 20 to 23% 400 lpcd

Agricultural 60 to 70% 1200 lpcd

Water for Ecology 8 to 9% 100-180 lpcd

Live Stock 2 to 3% 40 lpcd

TOTAL 2000 lpcd i.e. 730 cum/capita/year

Change the criteria of 1700 in order to avoid over use and misuse.

Indian Scenerio

• 2.5% Landmass, 16% Population, 4% Water Resources

• Distribution of WR available - 67% in 33% area

Problems

• Hydrological

• Morphometrical

• Ecological

• Institutional & Governence

17

No Hydrological Data Monitoring

No Understanding of Disturbances in Local Microclimate

• Stream Flow

Obstructions

• No Strengthening of the

Bund

No Thrust on CatchmnentImprovement

Evaporation .

ReleaseRt

ReservoirCapacity, KInflow

Qt

Minimum

LevelSt minc

Seepage

NO WATER BUDGETING, OPERATION POLICIES

After independence Habitations developed around lakes & On Flood Plain of Rivers

M.W.L.

F.T.L.

Sill Level

Live Storage

Dead Storage

Temporary Storage

FULL TANK LEVEL AND MAXIMUM WATER LEVEL FOR A RESERVOIR

,

Maximum Water Level (M.W.L.) indicates a level up to which the water level of a lake is anticipated to rise for a short span while overflowing after it has attained full tank level.

• Flood plains are as important to rivers as bark is to trees. Most of the processes that drive life in rivers happen around their edges, Just as the sap flows through the outer most ring of trees,not through its centre. Australian River Expert : D. Mussared

Eutrophication

Sewerage)

Solid Waste Disposal

Washing, Bathing , Immersions

Extinction of Speies

Entry of Wastewater

Water & Climate Change

• Water is the First Sector to be Impacted by the Climate Change

• Water is First Medium to Manifest and Aggravate the Ill- Effects of Climate Variability and Climate Change

Climate Change Impacts on Water

• Hydrological & Hydro geological

(1) Changes in Precipitation Frequency & IntensityLess frequent, more intense,More Siltation & Contaminated Runoff

(2) Changes in Average Annual Run off

• Low food production

• Low hydropower generation

(3) Early Depletion of GW

Climate Change Impacts on Water • Ecological (1) Higher Temperature

Depletion of Nutrients on Surface ,Concentration at Deeper Layers

Weed Infestation

Lower DO ---Fish Mortality

Eutrophication

(2)Phenological Changes

(3)Disturbed Food Chain

(4) Extinction of Species

Urban Heat Island Effect

32

Some Alarming Facts

• Regular floods and draughts in different parts of the country.

• Irrigation water withdrawal is two times of requirement.

• Number of tubewells No estimate(50000 in Udaipur)

• Ground water pumping exceeds the recharge by 1.5 times.

• Leakage losses are 21 to 40%.

• Fertilizers and pesticides are causing eutrophication in thelakes.(endosulphan)

• Deforestation has caused more sediment loads in rivers andreservoir. Reservoirs are losing their storage capacity by 1 to2% every year.

Water & Disaster

• No access to safe drinking water - over 1 billion(global)

• No sanitation - 2.4 billion(global)

• At any one time half of the world hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from water borne diseases.

• About 70% of our water resources are polluted by biological, toxic, organic, inorganic and other pollutants.

• 73 million workman days are lost every year due to water borne diseases.

• Poor personal hygiene.

Burden of disease

- More than 37.7 million people annually affected by waterborne disease; over 75 per cent are children under 5

- Nearly 1.5 million children die due to diarrhea

- 66 million people across 22 states at risk due to excessive fluoride in drinking water

- Arsenic a serious problem in six states putting at risk 10 million people

Burden of disease

• Annually the rural population spends Rs 6,700 crore on treatment of waterborne disease

• The poor are affected the most: 39 million people pushed into poverty in 2004-05 due to their health expenditure

Water & Poverty

37

•Those whose water is contaminated bacteriological or chemically, and who cannot afford to use, or have no access to, an alternative source.

•Those living in areas with high levels of water-associated disease.

•Those whose livelihood & productivity are persistently threatened by severe drought or flood/ water scarcity and contamination.

•Women and girls who spend hours a day collecting water, and whose security, education, productivity, and nutritional status is thereby put at risk.

• • Those whose livelihood base is subject to erosion, degradation , or confiscation (e.g. for construction of major infrastructure) without due compensation.

• • Those living far (e.g. >1 km) from a year-round supply of safe drinking water.

• •No proper Sanitation Facilities

IWRM :

IWRM is a process that “promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems”

39

LAKE

RuralBasin

UrbanBasin

RuralCommand

UrbanCommand

A

LAKE DLAKE

B

B

C

C

Understanding of Lake

D

LAKE

Sys

Planning Needs To Be Based on :Topographic, Hydrologic, Hydro-geologic,

Social and Economic Ground Surveys

Stakeholder’s Participation

IWRM Approach

43

SMART CITIES & Villages

• S :- Safe Water & Sanitation Ensured

• M :- Mountains & Hills Protected

• A : Aquifer Recharge Ensured

• R : River & Lakes Conserved

• T : Traditions & Culture Revived

44

Waste Water Management

Redefined

Judicious & Efficient Use of Water

Wasteful Water Use

More Waste Water Production

(A Resource)

Water Resources

Surface/Ground

Ag (82%)Half

Return

Industrial (8%)3/4 Return

Solid Waste

(0.5kgppd)

Domestic (10%)3/4

Return

Animal Wastepp-Per person per day

Including Plastic 1.5 kg per person per year

80% of Water Resources are Highly

Polluted

Composition of Waste WaterDomestic

• BOD :- 200 to 400 ppm

• COD :- 300 to 600 ppm

• Coliforms/Pathogens :- 5 to 50 Billions per liter

• Toxic Micro-pollutants :-Medicines/Daily Care Products-Triclosan etc /Hormonal Excretion

2,4-D

Carbendazim

Diazinon

Diethyltoluamide (DEET)

Dimethoate

Diuron

Glyphosate

AMPA

Irgarol (Cybutryne)

Isoproturon

MCPA

Mecoprop-p

Triclosan

Bisphenol

Estradiol

Estrone

Nonylphenol

Perfluoroctane

Acesulfame

Benzothiazole

Benzotriazole

EDTA

Atenolol

Azithromycin

Bezafibrate

Carbamazepine

Carbamazepin- 10,11-Dihydroxy

Transformation

Clarithromycin

Diatrizoate (amidotrizoe acids)

Diclofenac

Erythromycin

Ethinylestradiol

Ibuprofen

Iomeprol

Iopamidol

Iopromid

Mefenamic

Metformin

Metoprolol

Naproxen

Sotalol

Sulfamethoxazole

N4-Acetylsulfamethoxazol

Trimethoprim

52

Human Feaces

Per Capita Wet Weight of feces - 91 gm to 489 gm

Status of Open Defecation

• Urban : 12.6 % Population (of 37.7 Crore)

• Rural : 67 % population (of 83.34 Crore)

• In India 60 Crore Population Defecating in Open : Threat to Soil, Ground Water, Surface Water , Human Health

Status of Sanitation 3

8.2

0%

32

.70

%

12

.60

%

6.4

0%

6.0

0%

1.7

0%

1.2

0%

0.7

0%

0.3

0%

0.2

0%

14

.70

%

2.2

0%

67

.33

%

8.1

9%

1.9

4%

2.5

3%

0.2

2%

2.3

4%

0.3

5%

20

.00

%

Septic Tank PipedSewerSystem

OpenDefecation

With Slab /VentilatedImproved

Pit

PublicLatrine

OtherSystem

Night soildisposedinto open

drain

With Slab /Open Pit

Night soilremoved by

humans

Night soilremoved by

animals

Urban Rural

On-site systems (OSS) are used by 47% of urban households; With open defecation (OD), this accounts for 59.6%

Jammu & Kashmir

Type Household

Population

Septic Tank

Sewer

Urban 5.17 Lac0.55 Lac OD

34.3 Lac 1.96 Lac 1.3 Lac

Rural 14.9 Lac8.73 Lac OD

91 Lac 1.61 Lac 0.70 Lac

Himachal Pradesh

Type Household Population

Septic Tank

Sewer

Urban 1.66 Lac0.115 Lac OD

6.88 Lac 0.75 Lac 0.67 Lac

Rural 13.1 Lac4.27 Lac OD

61.7 Lac 6.87 Lac 0.42 Lac

Uttar Pradesh

Type Household

Population

Septic Tank

Sewer

Urban 74.5 Lac11 Lac OD

1553 Lac

34.91 Lac

21 Lac

Rural 254 Lac196 Lac

OD

515 Lac 30.63Lac

5.58 Lac

Uttarakhand

Type Household

Population

Septic Tank

Sewer

Urban5.92Lac0.28 Lac

OD

30.4 Lac 3.14 Lac 1.87 Lac

Rural 14 Lac6.33 Lac

OD

70.4 Lac 4.84 Lac 0.48 Lac

Haryana

Type Household

Population

Septic Tank

Sewer

Urban 17.52Lac1.53 Lac

OD

88 Lac 4.17 lac 9.59 Lac

Rural 29.67 Lac12.54 Lac

OD

165 Lac 7.84 Lac 0.75 Lac

Punjab

Type Household

Population

Septic Tank

Sewer

Urban 21 Lac1.21 Lac OD

104 Lac 4.17 Lac 13.34 Lac

Rural 33 Lac9.32 Lac OD

173 Lac 10.8 Lac 1.96 Lac

Rajasthan

Type Household Population

Septic Tank

Sewer

Urban 30.90 Lac5.15 OD

170 Lac 14 Lac 0.8 Lac

Rural 94.90 Lac76 Lac OD

515 Lac 9.30 Lac 0.012 Lac

NCT Delhi

Type Household Population

Septic Tank

Sewer

Urban 32.61 Lac0.99 OD

164 Lac 8 Lac 19.71 Lac

Rural 0.79 Lac0.11 OD

4.19 Lac 0.46 Lac 0.08 Lac

Chandigarh

Type Household

Population

Septic Tank

Sewer

Urban 2.28 Lac7192 OD

10 Lac 1954 1.96 Lac

Rural 0.67 Lac386 OD

0.29 Lac 316 5629

No Actual Data on OD

Microbial Flora –Pathogens Density of Animal feces

• Dog Feces Has 2 times more FC and 300 times more Fecal streptococci then Human feces .

• Safe Environmental Disposal ofFeces of Livestock and OtherAnimals Still Not Addressed.

Excessive Use of Pesticides & Fertilizers

Pesticides : 50,000 Ton

Chemical Fertilizer : 277 Lac Ton

5 to 10 times Application of Actual Requirement

Industrial Waste : Toxic to Eco System

• Dairy : BOD 1000 ,COD 1300 ,High N

• Distillery : BOD 25000,COD 50000,High CL

• Fertilizers : High N, P, K, Arsenic

• Refineries : Oil, Phenols

• Paper : BOD 1000, C0D 4000,Lignin

Industrial Waste : Toxic to Eco System

• Petrochemicals : BOD 3500, COD 5000,Hydocarbons

• Pharmaceutical : BOD 750,COD 6000

• Sugar : BOD 1200,COD 2500

• Tannery : BOD 2000 ,Chromium

• Textile : BOD 1000,COD 1400,Chromium

Health & Economic Hazards

• 80% of All Diseases are Water Related

• Sewage Farming is a Great Danger

• Heavy Metals ,Pesticides Entering Through Food Chain

• High Chlorination Leads to Cancer

• Loss of GDP by 6%

Economic impact (Loss) due to poor sanitation

Health71.72%

Access Time19.96%

Water7.83%

Tourism0.49%

Rs. 48,700 crore(US$ 10.73 billion)

• HH access• School access• Workplace access

Rs. 1.75 lakh crore(US$ 38.49 billion)

Rs. 19,100 crore(US$ 4.21 billion)

Rs. 1,200 crore(US$ 0.26 billion)

equivalent of 6.4% of

India’s GDP in 2006

Source: WSP. 2006. Economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India. New Delhi: World Bank

• Premature mortality• Productivity loss• Health care

• Lost tourism earnings• International tourist illness

• HH treatment, drinking water• Bottled water consumption• Piped water• Cost of fetching water

IMR In Urban Areas

STATE URBAN OD IMR( INDIA AV 29)

UP 14.8 41

UK 16.7 32

PUNJAB 5.8 25

RAJASTHAN 16.7 32

J&K 10.7 28

Cancer per lac Population Highest in Punjab

Waste Water Treatment in India

Waste Water Generation from 498 Class I Cities (1/3 of total )and 410 Class II

Towns(1/5 of Total)

72% of Total Urban Population

Class I : 35558 MLD(Domestic)11553 Treated

Class II : 2696 MLD(Domestic) 2696 Treated

Industrial Total : 13468 MLD( 60 % Treated ????)

But Majority of STP not Properly Functional & Efficient

Partially Treated/Untreated Waste Water Entering into Water Bodies

Treated but NOT Ecologically Correct Water

Waste Water Management

Reduce

Restore &Regenerate (Returning the Natural State of Water )

Replenish

Not just Treated But Ecologically Corrected

WWM

Eco Correction of

WW

Eco Restoration of

WR

Eco Correction of

WW

OSS Eco Treatment

OSS- 47% Having Septic Tanks

Septage Management

Septic Tanks Not Properly Constructed

No Schedule of Emptying (3 to 5 Years)

No Proper Disposal of Septage 1 cum/yr per family of five

Scum

Sludge

Effluent

Biological Intervention

Appropriate ST ProcessMechanical/Conventional like TF, ASP MBR,

MBBR,SBR,UASB etc

• Installation Cost : RS 120 L to 600 L per MLD

• Operation Cost : RS 6000 to 25000 per MLD/Day,HUGE Electricity + Chemical Etc Cost

• Reduce BOD/COD but Do Not Raise DO

• Space Foot Print :1000 Sqm/MLD

• Carbon Foot Print : 0.425 Ton/MLD

ECO TECHNOLOGIESEstablishes Food Chain

Brings Life in Water Corrected

No Space & Carbon Foot Prints

Stakeholder Participation

LEMON GRASS – NeembuGrass – cymbopogoncitrates

Anti Bacterial, this quality remains even in dry leaves. It’s roots help in decomposing organic matter. It has phenol compounds in it. Cattle do not eat it and are good for bank stabilisation. This grass does not enter into water, but propagates towards other side.

Barley Grass – Jo --hordeum vulgar

It is anti algal, anti fungal and absorbs Nickel. If its straw is mixed with sand and pebbles & dipped in water is a good anti algal.

Kena Grass – Kena – Green & Black

Root tubers are good for heavy metal, trace elements absorption from water & soil.

Ephedra – Kanna Jhadi –ephedra –

It has anti bacterial and anti fungal effect.

Guggal – commiforawightee –

It has anti bacterial, antifungal properties. It survives in water scarcity as well. Its seeds have more anti bacterial and anti fungal properties.

Maal Kangni – celastruspanicultus – woody shrub – linna.Its roots accumulate particulates floating in water around it.

Polygonum – Kulthi ––

It has anti sludge property. Organic matter decomposition, promotes aerobic bacteria .

Meruva – Marwa – ocimumsamtalum – It has antibacterial property. It competes with lantana and hinders its propagation & of congress grass (parthenium) also.

Castor – Arandi – ricinuscmmunis –Its seeds hinder the Hydrogen sulphide gas promoting bacteria (sulphur bacteria) it reduces the black colour of sewage water as well

Anwal – Pooandia – cassia toraIt has anti fungal property & helps to develop food chain in water bodies.

Adusa – adhatodavassica—

Anti Fungal, anti Bacterial ,Plant of Nux Vomica,

Drum Stick – Sehjan –moringa oleifera

The pulp & seeds have anti Bacterial & Anti turbidity properties. It kills 99% of Bacteria, and acts as coagulating agent.

Peepal – ficus religiosaThis tree helps in removing fluoride.

Bud – ficus beredensis This tree also removes fluoride.

Tamerind – tamerindsindica , The seeds of thetree removes the turbidity of water.

Cassia – Amaltas –

Pulp & large legumes have anti algal property.

Chan ber – Zizyhusnummilaria –

Seeds have antibacterial properties.