discrimination in sport p251 - 262. discrimination discrimination occurs when a particular societal...
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DISCRIMINATION IN DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTSPORT
P251 - 262P251 - 262
DiscriminationDiscrimination
Discrimination occurs when a particular Discrimination occurs when a particular societal group is constrained or held back societal group is constrained or held back by factors that are not applied to the by factors that are not applied to the dominant groupdominant group
They receive less favorable treatmentThey receive less favorable treatment In a stratified society where stacking In a stratified society where stacking
occurs, minority groups will be the ones occurs, minority groups will be the ones who experience discriminationwho experience discrimination
Discrimination in SportDiscrimination in Sport
The concept of targeting policy towards The concept of targeting policy towards certain groups in order to raise certain groups in order to raise participation levels reflects this social participation levels reflects this social rankingranking
Discrimination often occurs unofficiallyDiscrimination often occurs unofficially But is often part of an official policy – e.g. But is often part of an official policy – e.g.
Apartheid in South AfricaApartheid in South Africa
Discrimination in SportDiscrimination in Sport
ATTITUDES STEREOTYPES MYTHS DISCRIMINATION SELF FULFILLING PROPHECY
The issues surrounding discrimination are to do with stereotypical images of groups of people and an imbalance of power and resources
TASKTASK
As we go through each group in society, As we go through each group in society, fill in the discrimination in sport table, fill in the discrimination in sport table, commenting on reasons for comparatively commenting on reasons for comparatively low participation and possible strategies low participation and possible strategies for increasing participationfor increasing participation
SOCIAL CLASS/WEALTHSOCIAL CLASS/WEALTH
Refers to income, background, societal Refers to income, background, societal status and educationstatus and education
The more money you have, the more The more money you have, the more opportunities you have in sport, whether opportunities you have in sport, whether taking part or watchingtaking part or watching
You have a choice of many things, You have a choice of many things, including whether to use private, voluntary including whether to use private, voluntary or public facilitiesor public facilities
SOCIAL CLASS/WEALTHSOCIAL CLASS/WEALTH
In Britain, social class, wealth In Britain, social class, wealth discrimination and the subsequent discrimination and the subsequent inequality has been around for a long timeinequality has been around for a long time
Pre-industrial times – different classes Pre-industrial times – different classes followed different sportsfollowed different sports
Upper class – huntingUpper class – hunting Lower class – mob footballLower class – mob football Or they held different roles in sportOr they held different roles in sport Upper class – Patrons or sponsorsUpper class – Patrons or sponsors Lower class – bare fist fighterLower class – bare fist fighter
SOCIAL CLASS/WEALTHSOCIAL CLASS/WEALTH
Industrial revolution – Industrial revolution – created the middle class created the middle class (3 broad classes)(3 broad classes)
Upper class – Upper class – exclusiveness and exclusiveness and privilege to hunt, shoot privilege to hunt, shoot and fishand fish
Middle class – took part Middle class – took part in sport for the love of the in sport for the love of the game and social reasons. game and social reasons. Founded NGB’s and Founded NGB’s and sports clubssports clubs
Working class males – Working class males – mainly spectators, some mainly spectators, some became professionals. became professionals. This did not happen until This did not happen until the end of the 19C, when the end of the 19C, when working and living working and living conditions improvedconditions improved
Working class females – Working class females – suffered double suffered double discrimination – gender discrimination – gender and social classand social class
SOCIAL CLASS/WEALTHSOCIAL CLASS/WEALTH This 3 tier system is still evident todayThis 3 tier system is still evident today Upper class can follow polo, or even golf as Upper class can follow polo, or even golf as
these are expensivethese are expensive Footballs hard core support is predominantly Footballs hard core support is predominantly
working class malesworking class males Evidence shows lower socio-economic Evidence shows lower socio-economic
backgrounds lead to lower sports participationbackgrounds lead to lower sports participation Due to cost, lower levels of health and fitness, Due to cost, lower levels of health and fitness,
low self esteem, lack of opportunitieslow self esteem, lack of opportunities Working class could also feel ‘sport is not for me’ Working class could also feel ‘sport is not for me’
as there is a middle class culture surrounding as there is a middle class culture surrounding sports centressports centres
WOMENWOMEN
The issue here is that gender stereotypes The issue here is that gender stereotypes need to be broken and that girls and need to be broken and that girls and women need freedom to choose, and women need freedom to choose, and equal opportunities and provision to both equal opportunities and provision to both participate and excelparticipate and excel
Factors influencing participation and Factors influencing participation and achievement of women and girls in sportachievement of women and girls in sportOPPORTUNITY PROVISION ESTEEM
FUNDING
PRIZE MONEY
SPONSORSHIP
MEDIA
ROLE MODELS CREATE PUBLIC IMAGEINFLUENCES FINANCE
ATTITUDES
MYTHS
STEREOTYPES
COMMUNITIES
FAMILIES
SCHOOLS
WOMEN - ATTITUDESWOMEN - ATTITUDES
Gender roles are Gender roles are formed within formed within societiessocieties
Each sex has socially Each sex has socially accepted ways to accepted ways to behavebehave
There are There are stereotypical models stereotypical models for masculinity and for masculinity and femininityfemininity
These stereotypes These stereotypes can lead to mythscan lead to myths
Females are Females are supposed to be supposed to be creative and sensitivecreative and sensitive
Males are supposed Males are supposed to be aggressive, to be aggressive, determined and determined and confidentconfident
This has an effect on This has an effect on how children are how children are socialised, how they socialised, how they are to behave and fit are to behave and fit inin
WOMEN - ATTITUDESWOMEN - ATTITUDES The images of males The images of males
and females has an and females has an effect on participation effect on participation in sportin sport
Competitive sport Competitive sport often has the often has the characteristics of characteristics of masculinitymasculinity
So, if women are So, if women are involved in involved in competitive sport, competitive sport, society often society often disapprovesdisapproves
Society will support Society will support participation in participation in gymnastics and gymnastics and dance, as they have dance, as they have attributes associated attributes associated with femininitywith femininity
WOMEN - MEDIAWOMEN - MEDIA
Women receive less than 5% of men’s Women receive less than 5% of men’s coverage in national newspapers and are coverage in national newspapers and are still under represented in all areas of the still under represented in all areas of the mediamedia
The media creates a public image of sport The media creates a public image of sport and individualsand individuals
It creates role modelsIt creates role models It influences financesIt influences finances
WOMEN - MEDIAWOMEN - MEDIA The sporting audience is predominantly The sporting audience is predominantly
malemale They prefer the power, speed and They prefer the power, speed and
dynamism associated with traditional male dynamism associated with traditional male sportssports
Rather then the aesthetic and technical Rather then the aesthetic and technical brilliance of some women's sportsbrilliance of some women's sports
The majority of presenters, editors and The majority of presenters, editors and sports journalists are also male, although sports journalists are also male, although we do now have the likes of Sue Barker we do now have the likes of Sue Barker and Gabby Loganand Gabby Logan
WOMEN - MEDIAWOMEN - MEDIA Many newspapers and TV channels do not Many newspapers and TV channels do not
cover minority sports as they can not afford to be cover minority sports as they can not afford to be differentdifferent
We have the problem of self fulfilling propheciesWe have the problem of self fulfilling prophecies The media create superstars who become role The media create superstars who become role
models and increase participation , but unless models and increase participation , but unless minorities receive airtime in the first place, the minorities receive airtime in the first place, the opportunity is lostopportunity is lost
Sports with large audiences attract media Sports with large audiences attract media attention, advertising and sponsorship, which attention, advertising and sponsorship, which generate income and increase opportunities for generate income and increase opportunities for excellence and interest by the masses. Sports excellence and interest by the masses. Sports will small audiences are consequently will small audiences are consequently constrainedconstrained
WOMEN - FUNDINGWOMEN - FUNDING In the British Open In the British Open
golf championship golf championship women get just 10% women get just 10% of male prize moneyof male prize money
It has been It has been announced recently announced recently that the male winner that the male winner at Wimbledon this at Wimbledon this year, will receive year, will receive £30,000 more than £30,000 more than the female winnerthe female winner
If women receive less If women receive less prize money for doing prize money for doing the same job as men, the same job as men, is that discrimination?is that discrimination?
If female sports If female sports receive less receive less sponsorship than sponsorship than male sports their male sports their opportunities for opportunities for development are development are clearly unequal and clearly unequal and restrictedrestricted
WOMEN – FAMILIES, SCHOOLS AND WOMEN – FAMILIES, SCHOOLS AND COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
Do families, schools and communities Do families, schools and communities discriminate?discriminate?
Do parents offer that same amount of support to Do parents offer that same amount of support to their female as to their male children?their female as to their male children?
Do schools work to make the image of girls PE Do schools work to make the image of girls PE upbeat, attractive and positive or are girls put off upbeat, attractive and positive or are girls put off by asexual kit?by asexual kit?
Do communities offer the same opportunities for Do communities offer the same opportunities for girls and boys?girls and boys?
Could it be due to the fact that community sport Could it be due to the fact that community sport has more fathers than mothers involved?has more fathers than mothers involved?
Constraints to women's participation might be a Constraints to women's participation might be a lack of time and disposable income, access and lack of time and disposable income, access and timing of sessionstiming of sessions
ETHNIC MINORITIESETHNIC MINORITIES Racism stems from prejudice linked with the Racism stems from prejudice linked with the
power of one racial group over anotherpower of one racial group over another Although illegal, racism still exists on the Although illegal, racism still exists on the
grounds of colour, language and cultural grounds of colour, language and cultural differencesdifferences
PFA – set up a campaign in 1993 with the PFA – set up a campaign in 1993 with the Commission for Racial equality to ‘Kick Racism Commission for Racial equality to ‘Kick Racism out of football’out of football’
This is now called ‘Kick it Out’This is now called ‘Kick it Out’ The Sports Council and NGB’s encourage the The Sports Council and NGB’s encourage the
fight against racismfight against racism See handoutSee handout
What can be done?What can be done? Stereotypical thinking can Stereotypical thinking can
be challengedbe challenged Race-awareness trainingRace-awareness training More opportunities can More opportunities can
be provided for different be provided for different cultural groups to pursue cultural groups to pursue their own cultural their own cultural activitiesactivities
LOOK AT THE SHEET LOOK AT THE SHEET ‘ETHNIC MINORITIES IN ‘ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SPORT’SPORT’
1993 – the then Sports 1993 – the then Sports Council wanted to:Council wanted to:
Raise awareness of racial Raise awareness of racial inequality in sportinequality in sport
Increase sporting Increase sporting opportunities for black opportunities for black and ethnic minority and ethnic minority peoplepeople
Improve skill levels in, Improve skill levels in, and positive attitudes and positive attitudes towards sport by black towards sport by black and ethnic minority and ethnic minority peoplepeople
Increase the number of Increase the number of black and ethnic minority black and ethnic minority decision makers and decision makers and organisers in sportorganisers in sport
SPORT, ABILITY and DISABILITYSPORT, ABILITY and DISABILITY
Society continues to discriminate against, Society continues to discriminate against, handicap and impose barriers on disabled handicap and impose barriers on disabled peoplepeople
Due to a significant number of disabled adults Due to a significant number of disabled adults relying on benefits, many are financially relying on benefits, many are financially disadvantaged, therefore affecting participation disadvantaged, therefore affecting participation ratesrates
We must recognise discrimination and identify We must recognise discrimination and identify measures that could or have been taken to bring measures that could or have been taken to bring about fairer provisionabout fairer provision
British PopulationBritish Population
Physical
Mental
Wheelchair users
Sensory
6 million of the British population have some form of impairment. So, we can see that not all disabled people have the same needs
BackgroundBackground
There are 7 national disability sports There are 7 national disability sports associations, which are united by the associations, which are united by the English Federation of Disability SportEnglish Federation of Disability Sport
People with disabilities have been People with disabilities have been considered as dependent and passive considered as dependent and passive rather than independent and self rather than independent and self governinggoverning
This is probably due to the fact they have This is probably due to the fact they have been supported by carers and been supported by carers and professionalsprofessionals
BackgroundBackground
It has been realised that attitudes, It has been realised that attitudes, assumptions, myths and stereotyping assumptions, myths and stereotyping along with inadequately designed along with inadequately designed environments all impose limitations on environments all impose limitations on disabled people disabled people
WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?
1989 Government report – ‘Building on Ability’ – 1989 Government report – ‘Building on Ability’ – emphasis on ability rather than disabilityemphasis on ability rather than disability
It provided recommendations for NGB’s, Local It provided recommendations for NGB’s, Local Authorities, the media and disability sports Authorities, the media and disability sports organisations. Themes included:organisations. Themes included:
IntegrationIntegration Specialist training for coachesSpecialist training for coaches Adequate provision of facilities at local levelAdequate provision of facilities at local level The promotion of positive images of disabled The promotion of positive images of disabled
sportsmen and womensportsmen and women
WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?
‘‘Building on Ability’ – aims:Building on Ability’ – aims: Increase participation of people with Increase participation of people with
disabilities at all levels on the performance disabilities at all levels on the performance pyramidpyramid
Ensure equality of access to facilities, Ensure equality of access to facilities, competitions, training and coachingcompetitions, training and coaching
WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?
There has been a shift towards inclusive There has been a shift towards inclusive rather than exclusive or segregated rather than exclusive or segregated provisionprovision
Campaigns such as Everybody Active and Campaigns such as Everybody Active and Pro-Motion have raised awarenessPro-Motion have raised awareness
Access has been improved due to the Access has been improved due to the Disabled Persons Act 1981 – minimum Disabled Persons Act 1981 – minimum access requirements in sports facilitiesaccess requirements in sports facilities
WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED? Technology has improved – efficient Technology has improved – efficient
wheelchairs and other equipmentwheelchairs and other equipment Improved training and coaching Improved training and coaching
techniquestechniques Specialist sports centres – Ludwig Specialist sports centres – Ludwig
Guttman sports centre in Stoke MandevilleGuttman sports centre in Stoke Mandeville Paralympics – raises awareness of elite Paralympics – raises awareness of elite
sport for people with disabilities and sport for people with disabilities and provides positive role models – Tanni Greyprovides positive role models – Tanni Grey
However, it still receives limited coverageHowever, it still receives limited coverage
AwarenessAwareness
Disabled people still need to be aware of Disabled people still need to be aware of what is available for them – facilities and what is available for them – facilities and organisationsorganisations
Teachers need to be aware that children Teachers need to be aware that children with disabilities need to learn basic with disabilities need to learn basic movement abilities which can be movement abilities which can be developed into sports specific skillsdeveloped into sports specific skills
Sports organisers need to be aware of the Sports organisers need to be aware of the specific challenge facing disabled peoplespecific challenge facing disabled people
AttitudesAttitudes
Need to be challengedNeed to be challenged Misconceptions about people with Misconceptions about people with
disabilities need to be correcteddisabilities need to be corrected Individual differences and abilities need to Individual differences and abilities need to
be emphasisedbe emphasised
AccessAccess
Many issues need to be considered:Many issues need to be considered: Toilet and changing facilities, ramps, lifts, Toilet and changing facilities, ramps, lifts,
wide car parking spaces, hand rails on wide car parking spaces, hand rails on stair flights, lever taps on wash basins, stair flights, lever taps on wash basins, automatic doors, non slip floors, signs in automatic doors, non slip floors, signs in Braille Braille
FundingFunding
Unemployment amongst disabled people Unemployment amongst disabled people is particularly highis particularly high
Disabled people who are employed can Disabled people who are employed can earn on average only 80% of the salaries earn on average only 80% of the salaries of able bodied peersof able bodied peers
Sports organisations must continue to Sports organisations must continue to invest in provision for disabled peopleinvest in provision for disabled people
Adaptation and ModificationAdaptation and Modification
In some sports, disabled athletes can In some sports, disabled athletes can compete with able bodied athletes e.g. compete with able bodied athletes e.g. archeryarchery
However, some sports need to be adapted However, some sports need to be adapted to make them accessible e.g. wheelchair to make them accessible e.g. wheelchair basketball and tennisbasketball and tennis
Some games are specifically designed for Some games are specifically designed for people with disabilities people with disabilities
Adapting team gamesAdapting team games
Disability Sport England have suggested Disability Sport England have suggested the following ways:the following ways:
Use larger, smaller lighter coloured balls Use larger, smaller lighter coloured balls and shorter handled racquets and sticksand shorter handled racquets and sticks
Lower net height and limit playing areasLower net height and limit playing areas Increase team numbersIncrease team numbers Use foam equipment to limit bounce heightUse foam equipment to limit bounce height Use bean bags and other easy grip Use bean bags and other easy grip
equipmentequipment
The issue of sport, ability & The issue of sport, ability & disabilitydisability
What is needed to bring about equality of access and opportunity?
ATTITUDES
(abolish myths and provide awareness training)
AWARENESS
(facilities, teaching, knowledge)
ADAPTION & MODIFICATION
(integrate, but treat people as individuals)
SCHOOL PE
(Integration or separation?)
ACCESS
(How suitable is the environment?)
FUNDING (money available, investment in programmes
Disability and School PEDisability and School PE
As a result of the Education Act (1988) As a result of the Education Act (1988) many disabled young people have been many disabled young people have been integrated into mainstream schoolsintegrated into mainstream schools
There are both advantages and There are both advantages and disadvantages to integration or separation disadvantages to integration or separation in PEin PE
IntegrationIntegrationADVANTAGEADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGEDISADVANTAGE
Increases awarenessIncreases awareness Could lead to bullyingCould lead to bullying
A better reflection of A better reflection of society, which integrates society, which integrates rather than separates rather than separates
It is expensive to get It is expensive to get specialist teachers for specialist teachers for each school and difficult each school and difficult for 1 PE teacher to cope for 1 PE teacher to cope with great diversity of with great diversity of abilities in 1 classabilities in 1 class
It is expensive to provide It is expensive to provide for adapting and for adapting and modifying sports and modifying sports and providing specialist providing specialist facilitiesfacilities
SeparationSeparationAdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Specialist teachers focus on Specialist teachers focus on specific needsspecific needs
Disabled children are more likely to Disabled children are more likely to see themselves as differentsee themselves as different
Specialist equipment is more likely Specialist equipment is more likely to be availableto be available
Might make it harder for integration Might make it harder for integration in later lifein later life
All levels of the performance All levels of the performance pyramid more easily establishedpyramid more easily established
Presumes that all disabilities are Presumes that all disabilities are the samethe same
Reduces opportunities for disabled Reduces opportunities for disabled children to mix with able bodied children to mix with able bodied children when, in many cases, the children when, in many cases, the disability is irrelevantdisability is irrelevant
Older PeopleOlder People
What’s the issue?What’s the issue? Traditionally a low or non involvement in sport by older Traditionally a low or non involvement in sport by older
people in the UKpeople in the UK Sport should be for all on an equal levelSport should be for all on an equal level But, media portray sport for younger peopleBut, media portray sport for younger people Older people are seen to have the role of spectator or Older people are seen to have the role of spectator or
administrative volunteeradministrative volunteer As we have seen, combined inequalities increase As we have seen, combined inequalities increase
constraints, so that elderly women, elderly people on low constraints, so that elderly women, elderly people on low incomes and elderly people from ethnic minority groups incomes and elderly people from ethnic minority groups will suffer greater limitations to participationwill suffer greater limitations to participation
Sport for all – 50+ All to play forSport for all – 50+ All to play for
This was introduced in 1983, it encouraged participation This was introduced in 1983, it encouraged participation by emphasising the benefits of sports participationby emphasising the benefits of sports participation
BenefitsBenefits Social Social – sport can increase self confidence, be – sport can increase self confidence, be
enjoyable and lead to friendshipsenjoyable and lead to friendships Psychological Psychological – participation can give focus to older – participation can give focus to older
people who may feel lost after forced retirement or people who may feel lost after forced retirement or redundancyredundancy
HealthHealth – Participation can aid cardio-vascular function, – Participation can aid cardio-vascular function, strength and flexibility and can increase a sense of well strength and flexibility and can increase a sense of well beingbeing
ProblemsProblems
May be put off because of the idea sport is for the youngMay be put off because of the idea sport is for the young Few leaders and coaches in the older age rangeFew leaders and coaches in the older age range Younger instructors may be unclear of the abilities and Younger instructors may be unclear of the abilities and
needs of their clients or may not specialise in working needs of their clients or may not specialise in working with older peoplewith older people
If older people have been ill or injured they need to be If older people have been ill or injured they need to be cautious and seek advice from specialist coachescautious and seek advice from specialist coaches
They may be no or little provision for older people in the They may be no or little provision for older people in the communitycommunity
Older people may have limited money to spendOlder people may have limited money to spend They may find it difficult to become active again after a They may find it difficult to become active again after a
number of yearsnumber of years
Young PeopleYoung People
IssuesIssues In 1960 the Wolfenden Report identified a gap of non In 1960 the Wolfenden Report identified a gap of non
participation when people progressed from school and participation when people progressed from school and childhood to work and adulthoodchildhood to work and adulthood
School children must have a positive experience of PE to School children must have a positive experience of PE to ensure continued participation in physical activity when ensure continued participation in physical activity when they leave schoolthey leave school
They must have their individual needs and abilities They must have their individual needs and abilities catered for so that all levels of the performance pyramid catered for so that all levels of the performance pyramid are accessibleare accessible
Young PeopleYoung People
Issues associated with young people and sport Issues associated with young people and sport are the moral questions of an emphasis on are the moral questions of an emphasis on sportsmanship or gamesmanship in competitive sportsmanship or gamesmanship in competitive sport for young people, while those associated sport for young people, while those associated with elite performers are:with elite performers are:
The advantages and disadvantages of early The advantages and disadvantages of early specialisationspecialisation
The dangers of some intense training methodsThe dangers of some intense training methods An awareness of the needs for child protection in An awareness of the needs for child protection in
the light of some evidence of abuse by coachesthe light of some evidence of abuse by coaches
Discrimination in SportDiscrimination in Sport
Look at the headings opportunity, Look at the headings opportunity, provision and esteemprovision and esteem
Under the headings, what could effect Under the headings, what could effect participation and what could be done to participation and what could be done to increase participation increase participation
Complete worksheetComplete worksheet
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