directing - karachi king's school & college of nursing...administrative knowledge of...
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DIRECTING
Muhammad Rehan
RN, BSc.Nursing
Direction
Means giving the order to start the operation for the implementations of implementations of policy or plan.
� It is managerial effort
For Effective Direction
� It is essential that manager should have the administrative knowledge of
� Motivation� Leadership� Communication� Supervision
Motivation
Motivation
� Motivation is the way by which a person’s feeling to do a certain work is given a boost so that he can do the work with real enthusiasm. Certainly great work can be achieved from human beings if they are given motivation.
What Is Employee Motivation
� , "The heart of motivation is to give people what they really want most from work. The more you are able to provide what they want, the more you should expect what you really want, namely: should expect what you really want, namely: productivity, quality, and service." (An Honest Day's Work (1988))
Theories of Motivation
Needs theories� Maslow’s
hierarchy of needs
Process theories
• Expectancy Theory
• Goal Setting Theoryhierarchy of needs
� Herzberg’s two factor theory
• Goal Setting Theory
Maslow’sMaslow’sHierarchyHierarchyof Needsof Needs Self
Esteem
Social
Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 6 9
Social
Safety
Physiological
Motivation factors
� Achievement� Recognition� Growth/Advancement� Growth/Advancement� Interest in the job
Advantages of Motivation
A positive motivation philosophy and practice should improve productivity, quality, and service. Motivation helps people:
� achieve goals;achieve goals;� gain a positive perspective;� create the power to change;� build self-esteem and capability,� manage their own development and help
others with theirs.
Disadvantages of Motivation
There are no real disadvantages to successfully motivating employees, but there are many barriers to overcome.
Barriers may include unaware or absent managers, inadequate buildings, outdated equipment, and inadequate buildings, outdated equipment, and entrenched attitudes, for example:
� "We don't get paid extra to work harder."� "We've always done it this way."� "Our bosses don't have a clue about what we do."� "It doesn't say that in my job description."� "I'm going to do as little as possible without getting
fired."
Motivation
Direction
Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 6 13
PersistenceIntensity
“Take a lesson from the mosquito. It never waits for an never waits for an opening; it makes one."
Kirk Kirkpatrick
Leadership
Leadership
What is Leadership?
� Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent.
Are Leaders Born or Made?
� Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience.
Good Leaders
� Do you have some examples of good leaders?
� What qualities made them good leaders?
Leadership 101Becoming an effective leader is not easy
Part skill developmentPart experience
Remember, Leadership is Action, not PositionRemember, Leadership is Action, not PositionPower does not make you a leader...it simply makes you the boss
How do YOU become an effective leader?No “cookbook formula”Situational, as well as individual
Leadership Principles
1 - Show Interest2 - Positive Approach3 - Complaints
8 - Explain Why9 - Admit Mistakes10 - Reasonable
Expectations4 - Promises5 - Get the Facts6 - Discussion Basis7 - Design an Approach
Expectations11 - Be Prompt12 - Compliment13 - Prepare for Change
Types of Leadership Style
Types of Leadership Style
� Autocratic:� Leader makes decisions without reference to
anyone elseanyone else� High degree of dependency on the leader� Can create de-motivation and alienation
of staff� May be valuable in some types of business
where decisions need to be made quickly and decisively
Types of Leadership Style
� Democratic:� Encourages decision making
from different perspectives – leadership may be emphasised throughout emphasised throughout the organisation� Consultative: process of consultation before decisions
are taken� Persuasive: Leader takes decision and seeks to
persuade others that the decision is correct
Types of Leadership Style
� Democratic:� May help motivation and involvement� Workers feel ownership of the firm and its � Workers feel ownership of the firm and its
ideas� Improves the sharing of ideas
and experiences within the business� Can delay decision making
Types of Leadership Style
� Laissez-Faire:� ‘Let it be’ – the leadership responsibilities
are shared by all� Can be very useful in businesses
where creative ideas are important� Can be highly motivational,
as people have control over their working life� Can make coordination and decision making
time-consuming and lacking in overall direction� Relies on good team work� Relies on good interpersonal relations
Types of Leadership Style
� Paternalistic:� Leader acts as a ‘father figure’� Paternalistic leader makes decision but � Paternalistic leader makes decision but
may consult� Believes in the need to support staff
Change Leadership
Change Leadership
� The most challenging aspect of business is leading and managing change
� The business environment is subject to fast-paced economic and social changepaced economic and social change
� Modern business must adapt and be flexible to survive
� Problems in leading change stem mainly from human resource management
Theories of Leadership
Theories of Leadership
� Trait theories:� Is there a set of characteristics
that determine a good leader?that determine a good leader?� Personality?� Dominance and personal presence?� Charisma?� Self confidence?� Achievement?� Ability to formulate a clear vision?
Theories of Leadership
� Trait theories:� Are such characteristics
inherently gender biased?inherently gender biased?� Do such characteristics
produce good leaders?� Is leadership more than
just bringing about change?� Does this imply that leaders are born not
bred?
Theories of Leadership
� Behavioural:� Imply that leaders can be trained – focus on the
way of doing things� Structure based behavioural theories – focus on the
leader instituting structures – task orientated� Relationship based behavioural theories – focus on
the development and maintenance of relationships –process orientated
Theories of Leadership
� Contingency Theories:� Leadership as being more flexible –
different leadership styles used at different different leadership styles used at different times depending on the circumstance.
� Suggests leadership is not a fixed series of characteristics that can be transposed into different contexts
Theories of Leadership
� May depend on:� Type of staff� History of the business� History of the business� Culture of the business� Quality of the relationships� Nature of the changes needed� Accepted norms within the institution
Theories of Leadership
� Transformational:� Widespread changes
to a business or organisationto a business or organisation
� Requires:� Long term strategic planning� Clear objectives� Clear vision� Leading by example – walk the walk� Efficiency of systems and processes
Theories of Leadership
� Invitational Leadership:� Improving the atmosphere and message sent out by
the organisation� Focus on reducing negative messages � Focus on reducing negative messages
sent out through the everyday actions of the business both externally and, crucially, internally
� Review internal processes to reduce these� Build relationships and sense of belonging and
identity with the organisation –that gets communicated to customers, etc.
Theories of Leadership
� Transactional Theories:� Focus on the management
of the organisationof the organisation� Focus on procedures and efficiency� Focus on working to rules
and contracts� Managing current issues
and problems
Factors Affecting Style
Factors Affecting Style
� Leadership style may be dependent on various factors:� Risk - decision making and change initiatives
based on degree of risk involvedbased on degree of risk involved� Type of business – creative business
or supply driven?� How important change is –
change for change’s sake?� Organisational culture – may be long embedded
and difficult to change� Nature of the task – needing cooperation? Direction?
Structure?
Communication
Definition
� Is the transmission and receiving information, feelings and/or attitudes with the over all purpose of having understood the over all purpose of having understood producing a response.
Level of communication
� Intrapersonal communication� Interpersonal communication� Public communication� Public communication
Types of Communication
� Verbal communication� Non verbal communication� Non verbal communication
Factor influencing Communication
� Perception� Value � Emotion
Socio -cultural background� Socio -cultural background� Gender� Knowledge� Role� Environment� Space and territoriality
Factor impair Communication
� Homophyles� Chain of command� Frame of reference� Frame of reference� Self preservation� Crisis
Functions of Communication
� Control� Motivation� Motivation� Emotional Expression� Information
Barriers to Effective Communication
� Filtering� Selective Perception� Selective Perception� Emotions� Language
Supervision
Definition
� The authoritative direction of the work of one’s subordinates.
� Means overseeing the employees at work.� Means overseeing the employees at work.
The major factors of the supervisor’s work and equipments are as:
� Technical� Institutional � Institutional � Human
Factors of effective supervision
Humana relations skill
Technical & managerialknowledge
General & loos supervision
Leadership position
Improve upward relations
Relief from non supervisory duties
supervision
Function of supervision in direction
Development of
confidence
Orientation of newly posted staff
Assessment of the workload of individual & groups
Emphasis on achievement
confidenceArranging of a flow of materials
Co-ordination of the efforts
Promotion of social contact with in the work team
Facilitating the flow of communication
Establishment of control
Raising the level of motivation
Helping individual to cope with their personal problems
Types of supervision
DirectThis is done through face to face talk with the
workers/students.workers/students.
IndirectIt is done with the help of record and reports of the
workers and through written instruction .
Methods of supervision
Scientific vs. Intuitive supervision
Co-operative vs. Authoritarian Supervision
Technical vs. Creative Supervision
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