dipl.-ing. thesis presentation
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INVESTIGATION OF THE CORRELATION
BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN
AIR QUALITY
ANDREADIS LEFTERIS
Supervisor: Professor Nicolas Moussiopoulos
ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKIDEPT. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LAB. OF HEAT TRANSFER &ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Thessaloniki, 16/10/2013
Presentation structure
• Objectives
• Air Quality and Climate Change
• Climate change and urban air pollution
impacts
• The necessity for combined
countermeasures
• Conclusions
Thesis Objectives
• Investigation of the correlations
created in the triangle
Climate change (CC)
Air Quality/air pollutants (AQ)
Greenhouse Gases(GHG)
• Implications
• Emerge of combined
countermeasures
Air Quality and Climate Change (1/11)
• Air Pollutants (AQ)
Tropospheric Ozone (O3)
Particulate Matter (PM)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), benzene
Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Nickel,
Mercury
Air Quality and Climate Change (2/11)
• Greenhouse Gases
Water vapor (H2O)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Tropospheric Ozone(O3)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
Air Quality and Climate Change (3/11)
Avg Annual Temperature
(1901-2008)
Avg Annual Rainfall
(1901-2008)
Cyprus situation in respect to Climate Change
Air Quality and Climate Change (5/11)
PM10PM10
Σταθμός Αττικής (2012)
Greece situation in regard to Air Quality
Air Quality and Climate Change (7/11)
Avg range 1996-2008
Λονδίνο
O3 in relation to NOx and Temperature
Air Quality and Climate Change (8/11)Climate Change impacts on Air Quality
AQ Impacts Reasons
Ο3 IncreaseAcceleration of
photochemical reactions
PM
(sulfates)Increase Faster oxidation SO2
PM
(nitrates)Decrease
Transition from particulate
phase to gas phase
SO2+ΝΟx Decrease
Acceleration of oxidation
rate to sulfuric and nitric
acid
HgVolatility
increase
Evaporation and transport
throughout ecosystems
Temperature Increase leads to:
Air Quality and Climate Change (9/11)Air Quality impacts on Climate Change
Precursors AQ Phenomenon* Impact
CO, NOx,
VOC, H2
Tropospheric Ο3
Photochemical
pollutionRadiation retention
- Primary PM (soot) Classic smog Radiation retention
NOx, SO2,
VOC, NH3
Secondary PM
(sulfate + nitrate)
Clouds
condensation
Radiation reflection
(Global Dimming)
* Due to AQ concentrations increase
Air Quality and Climate Change (10/11)Air Quality impacts on Climate Change
GHG and AQ impacts on radiation retention
(Πηγή: IPCC, 2013)
Air Quality and Climate Change(11/11)Air Quality impacts on GHG
AQ / AQ
precursors
Short-term*
O3 (~6 months)
Long-term* O3
(10-15 years)
Long-term* CH4
(10-15 years)
CO Increase Increase Increase
NOx Increase Decrease Decrease
VOC Increase Increase Increase
H2 Small Increase Increase Increase
* Variations dut to increasing concentrations of
AQ/AQ precursors
Climate Change and urban Air Quality
impacts (1/3)
Climate change forecasting for 2080-2099 versus1980-1999
(Source: IPCC, 2007)
Climate Change and urban Air Quality
impacts (2/3)Urban Heat Island (UHI) Phenomenon
• Factors affecting the intensity of UHI:
Morphology and population density
Lack of green / blue areas
Structures that prevent air circulation
• UHI impacts:
More hot days and tropical nights
Increasing energy demand
Increasing mortality rate in heat wave events
UHI is called an urban area that is significantly warmer than its
surroundings due to human factors.
Climate Change and urban Air Quality
impacts (3/3)AQ impacts on health and environment
AQ Health impactsEnvironmental
impacts
Ο3 Respiratory problemsVegetation
destruction
COCardiovascular and nervous
system suppression-
ΝΟ2 Respiratory problems Acid rain
PMRespiratory problems,
Cardiovascular diseases
Reduction of the
vegetation in some
species
SO2 Respiratory problems
Changes in
vegetation and acid
rain
some VOCBlood diseases, causing
cancer-
AQHealth
impacts
Pb Anemia
As
Respiratory,
cardiovascular,
lung cancer
CdKidney
diseases
Ni Skin conditions
The necessity for combined
countermeasures (1/3)Measures that decrease GHG but increase AQ
Category Measure GHG impact AQ impact
TransportationUse of diesel
instead of petrolCO2 decrease NOx and PM increase
TransportationUse of biofuels
(≤5%)CO2 decrease NOx and PM increase
Air
Transportation
Increased engine
performanceCO2 decrease NOx increase
Waste
managementCombustion CH4 decrease
NOx, PM, CO and
PAH increase
The necessity for combined
countermeasures (2/3)Measures that decrease AQ but increase GHG
Category Measure GHG impact AQ impact
Energy
production
Emissions desulphurization
(FGD)CO2 increase SO2 decrease
Transportations
Use of anti-pollution
devices diesel (DPF, SCR,
lean NOx traps)
N2O increase NOx, PM
decrease
Production and
use of fuelDesulfurized fuels
CO2 increase
in refineries
SO2 decrease
in
transportation
The necessity for combined
countermeasures (3/3)Measures that decrease both AQ and GHG
Category Measure GHG impact AQ impact
Energy production Renewables, CHP Decrease Decrease
Energy production Natural gas over oil and coal CO2 decreaseSO2, NOx
decrease
Demand
management
Traffic reduction through
promoting public transportationDecrease Decrease
Energy
conservationUse of insulation in buildings Decrease Decrease
TransportationUse of new technologies and
fuels (i.e. hybrids, H2)CO2 decrease Decrease
Home appliances Energy efficient appliances Decrease Decrease
Conclusions
• Climate change affects air quality and vice versa
• In recent years a decrease in all air pollutants
except O3 is noted
• With 95% certainty, global warming is a fact and is
attributable to human activities (IPCC, 2013)
• Most of the suggested measures address each
phenomenon separately (either AQ or CC)
• Necessity for combined coping of climate change
and urban air quality
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