dimensions of history confronting the united states
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DIMENSIONS OF HISTORY
CONFRONTING THE
UNITED STATES
U.S. IMPERIAL POWER
Conquest and incorporation
Formal colonization
Informal “spheres of influence”
STRATEGIES FOR POWER
Mexico Conquest and incorporation Military intervention Political and economic pressure
Central America and Caribbean Colonization (Puerto Rico, Panama?) Dollar diplomacy and “sphere of influence” Military intervention (Dominican Republic, Panama, Haiti)
Cuba Military intervention, occupation (1898-1902) Quasi-colony (Platt Amendment, 1902-33) Sphere of influence (1934-59) Attempts at overthrow (1959- )
STRATEGIES FOR POWER
Mexico Conquest and incorporation Military intervention Political and economic pressure
Central America and Caribbean Colonization (Puerto Rico, Panama?) Dollar diplomacy and “sphere of influence” Military intervention (Dominican Republic, Panama, Haiti)
Cuba Military intervention, occupation (1898-1902) Quasi-colony (Platt Amendment, 1902-33) Sphere of influence (1934-59) Attempts at overthrow (1959- )
U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS, 1898-1933
Costa Rica 1921
Cuba 1898-1902, 1906-1909, 1912, 1917-1922
Dominican Rep 1903, 1904, 1914, 1916-1924
Haiti 1915-1934
Honduras 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924, 1925
Mexico 1913, 1914, 1916-1917, 1918-1919
Nicaragua 1898, 1899, 1909-1910, 1912-1925, 1926-1933
Panama 1903-1914, 1921, 1925
Defining the Challenge
Establishing sovereigntyArticulating national interestsIn the wake of colonial rule (and war)Negotiating international arenaConfronting the United States
STRATEGIC OPTIONS
1. Collective unity (“the Bolivarian dream”)
2. Extra-hemispheric protection
3. Regional hegemony
4. International law
5. Cultures of resistance
6. Alignment with the United States
OPTIONS IN ACTION: MEXICO
Collective unity (as leader of Latin America) Regional hegemony (in Central America) International law (re sovereignty) Cultures of resistance Alignment with United States (NAFTA)
CENTRAL AMERICA + CARIBBEAN
Central America Collective unity (unification) Cultures of resistance Alignment with USA
Caribbean Extra-hemispheric protection (Europe) Cultures of resistance Alignment with USA
CUBA
Cultures of resistance + revolutionExtra-hemispheric protectionCollective unity (?)
Outcomes and Implications
• Short-term success and experimentation
• Growth of nationalist anti-imperialism
• Continuing quest for sovereignty
• Tensions in U.S.-Latin American relations
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