digital network lecturer2
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DIT
Dar es Salaam institute of Technology (DIT)
ETU 08102
Digital Networks
Ally, J
jumannea@gmail.com
DIT
IP Network
What we have today is beyond any of the inventors’
imagination …
InterNetwork Millions of end points (you, me, and toasters)
connected across a mesh of links Many end points can be addressed by numbers Many others lie behind a virtual end point
Many networks form a bigger network
The overall structure called the Internet With a capital I Defined as a network of networks
Organizing the Giant StructureNetworks are complex! many “pieces”:
hosts routers links of various
media applications protocols hardware software
Question:
Is there any hope of organizing structure
of network?
Turn to analogies in air travel
A series of steps
ticket (purchase)
baggage (check)
gates (load)
runway takeoff
airplane routing
ticket (complain)
baggage (claim)
gates (unload)
runway landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
ticket (purchase)
baggage (check)
gates (load)
runway (takeoff)
airplane routing
departureairport
arrivalairport
intermediate air-trafficcontrol centers
airplane routing airplane routing
ticket (complain)
baggage (claim
gates (unload)
runway (land)
airplane routing
ticket
baggage
gate
takeoff/landing
airplane routing
Layering of Airline Functionality
Layers: each layer implements a service layers communicate with peer layers rely on services provided by layer below
Internet Protocol Stack
Application: supporting network applications FTP, SMTP, HTTP
Transport: host-host data transfer TCP, UDP
Network: routing of datagrams from source to destination IP, routing protocols
Link: data transfer between neighboring network elements PPP, Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth
Physical: bits “on the wire”
application
transport
network
link
physical
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Legacy Network Architecture
DataData(TCP / UDP)(TCP / UDP)
DataData(TCP / UDP)(TCP / UDP)
VoiceVoiceVoiceVoiceVideoVideoVideoVideo
Computer Comm.Computer Comm. Human Comm.Human Comm.
Photonic Network (WDM)Photonic Network (WDM)Photonic Network (WDM)Photonic Network (WDM)
Network LayerNetwork Layer
Data Link LayerData Link Layer
Physical LayerPhysical Layer
SONET / SDHSONET / SDHSONET / SDHSONET / SDHATMATMATMATM
IP IP v4 / v6v4 / v6IP IP v4 / v6v4 / v6 SS-7SS-7SS-7SS-7 DedicatedDedicatedDedicatedDedicated
OIFOIFOIFOIF
Photonic Network Interface Photonic Network Interface Photonic Network Interface Photonic Network Interface
OIF: Optical Internetworking Forum
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Network Architecture from Today
Photonic Network (WDM)Photonic Network (WDM)Photonic Network (WDM)Photonic Network (WDM)
Data Link LayerData Link Layer
Physical LayerPhysical Layer
SONET / SDHSONET / SDHSONET / SDHSONET / SDHATMATMATMATMOIFOIFOIFOIFPhotonic Network Inter face Pho tonic Network Inter face Photonic Network Inter face Photonic Network Inter face
Ethernet (Ethernet ( as a standard interfaceas a standard interface ))
IP IP v4 / v6v4 / v6IP IP v4 / v6v4 / v6Network LayerNetwork Layer
VoiceVoiceVoiceVoiceVoiceVoiceVoiceVoiceDataData
(TCP / UDP)(TCP / UDP)DataData
(TCP / UDP)(TCP / UDP)VideoVideoVideoVideo
DedicatedDedicatedDedicatedDedicated
VOIPVOIP L3-VPNL3-VPNL2-VPNL2-VPN
Network ApplicationNetwork Application
VPN: Virtual Private Network
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Structure of IP Network
End station
End station
End station
End station
Segment; Ethernet Switching
Ethernet SW
Segment; Ethernet Switching
Ethernet SW
Ethernet SW
1) Ethernet Switches conform Ethernet switching segments - “Mac-address” are in use only in each segment 2) Routers & IP-functions in each end station realize routing plane - “IP-address” are in use over inter-segment routing
IP IP IP IP IP IP IP IP
IP IP IP IP IP IP IP IP
Router Router
IP IP
Router Router
IP
3) TCP in end station control the quality and flow of the session
TCP TCP TCP TCP
TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP
TCP TCP TCP TCP
TCP session
4) Applications in end stations communicate each other over TCP
Apl.Apl.Apl.Apl.
SocketSocket Apl.Apl.Apl.Apl.
SocketSocket
Apl.Apl.Apl.Apl.
SocketSocket
Apl.Apl.Apl.Apl.
SocketSocket
Application session
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Evolution of IP Network Improving the capacity of network
Transmission Speed: Ethernet Switching capacity: Ethernet Switch Routing capacity: Routing Engine
Re-constructing the network Management System based on IP-plane
MPLS & G-MPLS Services on IP Network
VPN IP Telephony
NGN (Next Generation Network)
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Network and Host AddressingUsing the IP address of the destination network, a router can deliver a packet to the correct network.
When the packet arrives at a router connected to the destination network, the router uses the IP address to locate the particular computer connected to that network.
Accordingly, every IP address has two parts.
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Network Layer Communication PathA router forwards packets from the originating network to the destination network using the IP protocol. The packets must include an identifier for both the source and destination networks.
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Internet AddressesIP Addressing is a hierarchical structure. An IP address combines two identifiers into one number. This number must be a unique number, because duplicate addresses would make routing impossible. The first part identifies the system's network address. The second part, called the host part, identifies which particular machine it is on the network.
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IP Address Classes
Address Class
Number of Networks
Number of Hosts per Network
A 126 16,777,214
B 16,384 65,534
C 2,097,152 254
IP addresses are divided into classes to define the large, medium, and small networks.Class A addresses are assigned to larger networks. Class B addresses are used for medium-sized networks.Class C for small networks.
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Identifying Address Classes
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Network and Host DivisionEach complete 32-bit IP address is broken down into a network part and a host part. A bit or bit sequence at the start of each address determines the class of the address. There are 5 IP address classes.
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Class A AddressesThe Class A address was designed to support extremely large networks, with more than 16 million host addresses available. Class A IP addresses use only the first octet to indicate the network address. The remaining three octets provide for host addresses.
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Class B AddressesThe Class B address was designed to support the needs of moderate to large-sized networks. A Class B IP address uses the first two of the four octets to indicate the network address. The other two octets specify host addresses.
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Class C AddressesThe Class C address space is the most commonly used of the original address classes. This address space was intended to support small networks with a maximum of 254 hosts.
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Class D AddressesThe Class D address class was created to enable multicasting in an IP address. A multicast address is a unique network address that directs packets with that destination address to predefined groups of IP addresses. Therefore, a single station can simultaneously transmit a single stream of data to multiple recipients.
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Class E AddressesA Class E address has been defined. However, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) reserves these addresses for its own research. Therefore, no Class E addresses have been released for use in the Internet.
Converting Between Decimal Numbers and Binary
In any given octet of an IP address, the 8 bits can be defined as follows:
To convert a decimal number into binary
187 = 10111011 = 128+32+16+8+2+1, 224 = 11100000 = 128+64+32 To convert a binary number into decimal
10101010 = 128+32+8+2 = 170, 11110000 = 128+64+32+16 = 240 The IP address 138.101.114.250 is represented in binary as
10001010.01100101.01110010.11111010 The subnet mask of 255.255.255.192 is represented in binary as
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
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27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
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IP Address RangesThe graphic below shows the IP address range of the first octet both in decimal and binary for each IP address class.
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Finding the Network Address with ANDing
By ANDing the Host address of 192.168.10.2 with 255.255.255.0 (its network mask) we obtain the network address of 192.168.10.0
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Network Address
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Public IP AddressesUnique addresses are required for each device on a network.
Originally, an organization known as the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) handled this procedure.
InterNIC no longer exists and has been succeeded by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
No two machines that connect to a public network can have the same IP address because public IP addresses are global and standardized.
All machines connected to the Internet agree to conform to the system.
Public IP addresses must be obtained from an Internet service provider (ISP) or a registry at some expense.
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Private IP AddressesPrivate IP addresses are another solution to the problem of the impending exhaustion of public IP addresses. As mentioned, public networks require hosts to have unique IP addresses.
However, private networks that are not connected to the Internet may use any host addresses, as long as each host within the private network is unique.
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Introduction to SubnettingSubnetting a network means to use the subnet mask to divide the network and break a large network up into smaller, more efficient and manageable segments, or subnets.
With subnetting, the network is not limited to the default, Class A, B, or C network masks and there is more flexibility in the network design.
Subnet addresses include the network portion, plus a subnet field and a host field. The ability to decide how to divide the original host portion into the new subnet and host fields provides addressing flexibility for the network administrator.
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The 32-Bit Binary IP Address
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Numbers That Show Up In Subnet Masks (Memorize Them!)
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Addressing with Subnetworks
Subnet Example 1The DIT has purchased the class C address 216.21.5.0 and want to use it for five (5) networks.Determine the number of networks and convert to binary
5 in binary is 00000101
We need to borrow 3 bits from host and use them as network bitsReserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment
Subnet mask for class C
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
The new subnet mask for class C (Add 3 bits in host octet)
255.255.255.224 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
The increment is 100000 = 32 Use increment to find your network ranges
216.21.5.0 – 216.21.5.31, 216.21.5.32 – 216.21.5.63
216.21.2.64 – 216.21.5.95 ….. 216.21.5.192 – 216.21.5.223
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Subnet Example 2The DIT has purchased the class C address 195.5.20.0 and want to use it for fifty (50) networks.Determine the number of networks and convert to binary
50 in binary is 00110010
We need to borrow 6 bits from host and use them as network bitsReserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment
Subnet mask for class C
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
The new subnet mask for class C (Add 6 bits in host octet)
255.255.255.252 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
The increment is 100 = 4 Use increment to find your network ranges
195.5.20.0 – 195.5.20.3, 195.5.20.4 – 195.5.20.7
195.5.20.8 – 195.5.20.11 …. 195.5.20.248 – 195.5.20.251
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Subnet Example 3The DIT has purchased the class B address 150.5.0.0 and want to use it for 100 networks.Determine the number of networks and convert to binary
100 in binary is 01100100
We need to borrow 7 bits from host and use them as network bitsReserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment
Subnet mask for class B
255.255.0.0 = 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
The new subnet mask for class B (Add 7 bits in host octet)
255.255.254.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
The increment is 10 = 2 Use increment to find your network ranges
150.5.0.0 – 150.5.1.255, 150.5.2.0 – 150.5.3.255
150.5.4.0 – 150.5.5.255, …. 150.5.252.0 – 150.5.253.255
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Subnet Example 4The DIT has purchased the class A address 10.0.0.0 and want to use it for 500 networks.Determine the number of networks and convert to binary
500 in binary is 0111110100
We need to borrow 9 bits from host and use them as network bitsReserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment
Subnet mask for class A
255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
The new subnet mask for class A (Add 9 bits in host octet)
255.255.128.0 = 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
The increment is 10000000 = 128 Use increment to find your network ranges
10.0.0.0 – 10.0.127.255, 10.0.128.0 – 10.0.255.255
10.1.0.0 – 10.1.127.255, 10.1.128.0 – 10.1.255.255 ……..
10.254.128.0 – 10.254.255.255DIT
Exercise 11. (C) 200.1.1.0, Break into 40 networks
2. (C) 199.9.10.0, Break into 14 networks
3. (B) 170.50.0.0, Break into 1000 networks
4. (A) 12.0.0.0, Break into 25 networks
Also determine the total number of hosts per networks
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Host Example 1DIT has purchased class C address 216.21.5.0 and would like to use it to create networks of 30 hosts each Determine the number of hosts and convert to binary
30 in binary is 00011110
We need to save 5 bits for host, use 3 bits remain for networkReserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment
Subnet mask for class C
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
The new subnet mask for class C (Add 3 bits in host octet)
255.255.255.224 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
The increment is 100000 = 32 Use increment to find your network ranges
216.21.5.0 – 216.21.5.31, 216.21.5.32 – 216.21.5.63
216.21.2.64 – 216.21.5.95 ….. 216.21.5.224 – 216.21.5.255
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Host Example 2The DIT has purchased the class C address 195.5.20.0 and want to use it for 50 hosts each.Determine the number of hosts and convert to binary
50 in binary is 00110010
We need to save 6 bits from host, use 2 bits remain for networkReserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment
Subnet mask for class C
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
The new subnet mask for class C (Add 2 bits in host octet)
255.255.255.192 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
The increment is 1000000 = 64 Use increment to find your network ranges
195.5.20.0 – 195.5.20.63, 195.5.20.64 – 195.5.20.127
195.5.20.128 – 195.5.20.191, 195.5.20.192 – 195.5.20.255
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Host Example 3The DIT has purchased the class B address 150.5.0.0 and want to use it for 500 hosts each.Determine the number of hosts and convert to binary
500 in binary is 0111110100
We need to save 9 bits from host, use 7 bits remain for network Reserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment
Subnet mask for class B
255.255.0.0 = 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
The new subnet mask for class B (Add 7 bits in host octet)
255.255.254.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
The increment is 10 = 2 Use increment to find your network ranges
150.5.0.0 – 150.5.1.255, 150.5.2.0 – 150.5.3.255
150.5.4.0 – 150.5.5.255, …. 150.5.252.0 – 150.5.253.255
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Host Example 4The DIT has purchased the class A address 10.0.0.0 and want to use it for 100 networks.Determine the number of hosts and convert to binary
100 in binary is 01100100
We need to save 7 bits from host, use 17 bits remain for network Reserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment
Subnet mask for class A
255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
The new subnet mask for class A (Add 17 bits in host octet)
255.255.225.128 = 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
The increment is 10000000 = 128 Use increment to find your network ranges
10.0.0.0 – 10.0.127.255, 10.0.128.0 – 10.0.255.255
10.1.0.0 – 10.1.127.255, 10.1.128.0 – 10.1.255.255 ……..
10.254.128.0 – 10.254.255.255DIT
Exercise 21. (C) 200.1.1.0, Break into networks of 40 hosts
each
2. (C) 199.9.10.0, Break into networks of 12
hosts each
3. (B) 170.50.0.0, Break into networks of 1000
hosts each
4. (A) 12.0.0.0, Break into networks of 100 hosts
each
Also determine the total number of networks
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Exercise 3 1) The host has an IP and mask address of
192.168.1.127 and 255.255.255.224
respectively. What is the network address of
the host, and state that if the IP address of the
host is assigned correct.
2) The host has an IP, mask and gateway
address of 172.16.68.65, 255.255.255.240
and 172.16.68.62 respectively, is connected to
the network router of IP and mask address of
172.16.68.62 and 255.255.255.240 respectively.
Determine that if the above configuration is correct. DIT
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Why not IPv4 IPv4 has been extremely successful. It is beginning to show its age as the internet
grows. In order to meet the challenges of the rapidly
growing internet, new features and scalability measures will be needed.
IPv6 is an evolutionary step to the current IPv4.
It uses the best of IPv4 and takes into account all of the lessons that have been learned over the years of its use.
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IPv6 Development History
1991: Work starts on next generation Internet protocols More than 6 different proposals were developed
1993: IETF forms IPng Directorate To select the new protocol by consensus
1995: IPv6 selected Evolutionary (not revolutionary) step from IPv4
1996: 6Bone started 1998: IPv6 standardized Today: Initial products and deployments
Necessity for IPv6 Addresses 32-bit addressing structure of IPv4 provides only
4,294,967,296 IP numbers In order to use this address space more efficiently,
technologies such as CIDR, DHCP, Pvt IP, NAT etc. were developed
These interim solutions helped only to postpone exhaustion of IPv4 address space.
Exponential growth of Internet, Wireless Subscribers and deployment of NGN Technology etc. demand still a large amount of address space
IPv6 is meticulously designed to correct some problems of IPv4 and to provide various enhancements with respect to security, routing addresses, auto configuration, mobility and Quality of Service (QoS) etc.
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Larger IP Address Space IPv4 address space is 32 bits long
4,294,967,296 possible hosts
New types of devices need to be addressed Mobile/wireless devices Desktop devices
NAT works, but is not ideal
IPv6 address space is 128 bits long 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 possible
hosts= 67 billion billion addresses per cm2 of the planet surface
End-to-end addressing No need for Network Address Translation (NAT)
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New Rationale behind IPv6 IP Everywhere for Data, Voice, Audio, Video
integration ~300 millions Mobile Phone Users in 1998, 700 millions
in 2004 3G will support IP 1 billion Cars in 2010 with GPS & Yellow Page services PDA’s, Toaster’s, Fridges, ...
Emerging Internet Countries China, India, Russia, … Internet in every school,...
New Technologies/Applications for Home users Cable, xDSL, Wireless,...
IPv6 deployment The existing pool of IPv4 addresses is expected to be
exhausted by August-2012 All service providers and other stakeholders will gradually
transit to IPv6 in a phased manner The co-existence of IPv4 & Ipv6 will be there for some
more years to come. There are 2 operating situations –
(a) IPv6 nodes have to communicate with IPv4 nodes.
This problem is solved using Dual Stack technique.
(b) Isolated islands of IPv6 will have to communicate
with each other using the widely available IPv4
networks. This problem is solved using Tunneling
technique.
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IPv6 Main Features Expanded Address Space Header Format Simplification Improved host and router discovery Auto-configuration Multi-Homing Class of Service/Multimedia support Improved Mobile IP support Authentication and Privacy Capabilities No more broadcast Multicast Anycast
IPv6 Address Syntax IPv6 address in binary form
0010000000000001000011011011100000000000000000000010111100111011
0000001010101010000000001111111111111110001010001001110001011010
Divided along 16-bit boundaries 0010000000000001 0000110110111000 0000000000000000 0010111100111011
0000001010101010 0000000011111111 1111111000101000 1001110001011010
Each 16-bit block is converted to hexadecimal and delimited with colons
2001:0DB8:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A Suppress leading zeros within each block
2001:DB8:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A
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IPv6 Packet Header IPv4 header fields
are very detailed. Some of the
information is rarely used or poorly defined. Example: Type of
Service Other information is
no longer needed. Example: Header
Checksum IPv6 has a
simplified header with only the minimum number of necessary fields.
IPv4 Header
IPv6 Header
IHLIHL Type of ServiceType of Service
OptionsOptions
Total LengthTotal Length
IdentificationIdentification FlagsFlags FragmentFragment OffsetOffset
ProtocolProtocol Header ChecksumHeader Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
PaddingPadding
TrafficTraffic ClassClass Flow LabelFlow Label
Payload LengthPayload Length Next HeaderNext Header Hop LimitHop Limit
Source AddressSource Address
Destination AddressDestination Address
VersionVersion
Time to LiveTime to Live
VersionVersion
IPv6 Packet Header (2) Version - A 4-bit field, set to the number six for
IPv6 Traffic Class - Also called priority. Similar to the
type of service (ToS) field in IPv4, this 8-bit field describes relative priority and is used for quality of service (QoS)
Flow Label - The 20-bit flow label allows traffic to be tagged so that it can be handled faster, on a per-flow basis; this field can also be used to associate flows with traffic classes
Payload Length - This 16-bit field is the length of the data in the packet.
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IPv6 Packet Header (3) Next Header - Like the protocol field in the IPv4 header,
this 8-bit field indicates how the fields after the IPv6 basic header should be interpreted.
It could indicate that the following field is (TCP) or
(UDP) transport layer information, or it could indicate
that an extension header is present. Hop Limit - Similar to the time to live (TTL) field of IPv4,
this 8-bit field is decremented by intermediate routers and, to prevent looping, the packet is discarded and a message is sent back to the source if this field reaches zero
Source Address and Destination Address - These 128-bit fields are the IPv6 source and destination addresses of the communicating devices.
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IPv6 Addressing IPv6 Addressing rules are covered by multiples
RFC’s Architecture defined by RFC 2373
Address Types are : Unicast : One to One (Global, Link local, Site local,
Compatible) Anycast : One to Nearest (Allocated from Unicast) Multicast : One to Many No Broadcast Address -> Use Multicast Reserved
A single interface may be assigned multiple IPv6 addresses of any type (unicast, anycast, multicast)
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IPv6 Addressing (Cont.) Prefix Format (PF) Allocation
PF = 0000 0000 : Reserved PF = 0000 001 : Reserved for OSI NSAP Allocation (see
RFC 1888), so far only way to embedded E.164 addresses (VoIP)
PF = 0000 010 : Reserved for IPX Allocation (under Study)
PF = 001 : Aggregatable Global Unicast Address PF = 1111 1110 10 : Link Local Use Addresses PF = 1111 1110 11 : Site Local Use Addresses PF = 1111 1111 : Multicast Addresses Other values are currently Unassigned (approx. 7/8th of
total)
All Prefix Formats have to have EUI-64 bits Interface ID But Multicast
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IPv6 Addressing Examples Global unicast address(es) is :
2001:304:101:1::E0:F726:4E58, subnet is 2001:304:101:1::0/64
link-local address is FE80::E0:F726:4E58
Unspecified Address is 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::
Loopback Address is 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1
Group Addresses (Multicast) is FF02::9 for RIPv6
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Text Representation of IPv6 Addresses
“Preferred” form: 1080:0:FF:0:8:800:200C:417A
Compressed form: FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:43
becomes FF01::43 IPv4-compatible: 0:0:0:0:0:0:13.1.68.3
or ::13.1.68.3 RFC 2732: Preferred format for literal IPv6
address in URL
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Benefits of IPv6 Addresses Enough for stable, unique addresses for all
devices Note: stable does not mean permanent! Allow continued growth of the Internet (for
centuries to come) Restore end-to-end transparency of the Internet
Additional benefits: Plug-and-play (no need for configuration servers) Verifiable end-to-end packet integrity (no need for
NATs) Simpler mobility (no need for “foreign agent”
function)
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Configuring Interface IDs There are several choices for configuring the
interface ID of an address: Manual configuration DHCPv6 (configures whole address) Automatic derivation from MAC address or other
hardware serial number Pseudo-random generation (for client privacy)
The latter two choices enable “serverless” or “stateless” autoconfiguration, when combined with high-order part of the address learned via Router Advertisements
EUI-64 Interface ID ExampleHost A has the MAC address of 00-AA-00-3F-2A-1C
1. Convert MAC address to EUI-64 format
00-AA-00-FF-FE-3F-2A-1C
2. Complement the U/L bit (seventh bit of first byte)
The first byte in binary form is 00000000. When
the seventh bit is complemented, it becomes
00000010 (0x02).
02-AA-00-FF-FE-3F-2A-1C
3. Convert to colon hexadecimal notation
::2AA:FF:FE3F:2A1C
Link-local address for node with the MAC address of 00-
AA00-3F-2A-1C is FE80::2AA:FF:FE3F:2A1CDIT
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An example of IPv6 addressesLAN: 3ffe:b00:c18:1::/64
Ethernet0
MAC address: 0060.3e47.1530
router# show ipv6 interface Ethernet0Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::260:3EFF:FE47:1530Global unicast address(es):
2001:410:213:1:260:3EFF:FE47:1530, subnet is 2001:410:213:1::/64Joined group address(es):
FF02::1:FF47:1530FF02::1FF02::2
MTU is 1500 bytes
interface Ethernet0ipv6 address 2001:410:213:1::/64 eui-64
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IPv4-IPv6 Co-Existence/Transition A wide range of techniques have been identified and
implemented, basically falling into three categories: Dual-stack techniques, to allow IPv4 and IPv6 to co-
exist in the same devices and networks Tunneling techniques, to avoid order dependencies
when upgrading hosts, routers, or regions Translation techniques, to allow IPv6-only devices to
communicate with IPv4-only devices
Expect all of these to be used, in combination
RFC 2893, Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers, August 2000.
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Native IPv6-Only Backbone
Requires: IPv4 over IPv6
Tunnels for IPv4 traffic
Hardware forwarding for IPv6
Network managementover IPv6
IPv6 Intranet
IPv4 Tunnel
IPv4/v6 IntranetMobile IPv6
IPv4 Intranet
IPv6 Intranet
Translating Gateway
Translating Gateway
IPv6 Backbone
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Dual Stack IPv4-IPv6 Backbone
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Diversity of Today's Available Mobile Devices
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Thanks!
Technology changes but communication lasts.
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