different parameters of language variation

Different Parameters of Language Variation

Ahmad Faiz

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Class D

Geographical LocationMadurese Language Dialects

Madurese language dialects also have spread throughout the region. On the island of Madura, there are several dialects such as:

•Dialect of Bangkalan

•Dialect of Sampang

•Dialect of Pamekasan

•Dialect of Sumenep, and

•Dialect of Kangean

Geographical Location (cont’d)

Ex: “be'en” which is a word to refer you is commonly used in Madura. But the word is used in Sumenep “be'na”. Further, Lumajang Madurese use “kakeh” and Bangkalan use “hedeh” to refer exactly the same thing.

(Taken from William D. Davies, Grammar of Madurese, 2010:2-3)

Different Social Domain

Language of Mosque

Ex: The zakat is earmarked for the poor and disabled.

Language of Sport

Ex: Sayaka Takahashi performed jumping smashes to defeat her opponent.

Language of Workplace

Ex: The doctor is now performing the surgical operation.

Range of Speaker CompetenceCode-Mixing

Indonesian people will use code-mixing to express some words that is unavailable in Bahasa Indonesia.

Ex: Penyerang Barcelona, Lionel Messi mencetak hat-trick di pertandingan tadi malam sehingga memenangkan Barcelona atas Real Madrid dengan aggregate 5-3.

Code-switching

Indonesian people occasionally use some phrases or sentences in Arabic to express certain things.

Ex: Semoga pengantin berdua bisa menjadi keluarga sakinah, mawaddah, wa rohmah.

Social Segregation

• Standard American English “They are walking around here.”

• Black English “They be walkin’ around here.”

(Taken from Hadumod Bussmann, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, 1998:136)

L1 Background DiversityPidgin:

(Taken from George Yule, The Study of Language - 4th Edition, 2010:250)

L1 Background Diversity (cont’d)

Creole:

(Taken from George Yule, The Study of Language - 4th Edition, 2010:251)

In Terms of Gender

Men’s Talk:

I need to shave my beard and mustache for the meeting this morning.

Women’s Talk:

There is a special room for women to breastfeed their babies.

Academic DisciplineRegisters:

A list of derivational morphemes will include suffixes such as the -ish in “foolish”, -ly in “quickly”, and the –ment in “payment”. (LINGUISTICS)

You can watch the video that I uploaded by visiting YouTube. (INTERNET)

Jargons:

Morphology

The morphology of human and apes is quite similar. (BIOLOGY)

In the morphology of this dialect there are fewer inflectional suffixes. (LINGUISTICS)

Accessibility of Speakers

Gay Language in Indonesia

(Taken from Tom Boellstorf, Journal of Linguistic Anthoropolgy, 2004:242)

Bahasa Indonesia Meaning Gay Languagebanci waria béncong or bencesberapa how much? brépongdandan put on makeup. déndong or dendeshomo homosexual hémonglelaki man lékong or lekesloco masturbate lécong, leces or lécipura-pura pretend péressakit sick sékong, sékes or sekesterjadi to have happened térjedong

ReferencesBoellstorff, T. Gay Language and Indonesia: Registering Belonging. Journal of Linguistic Anthrpology Vol. 14, Issue 2, pp. 248-268

Bussmann, H. 1998. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. New York, NY: Routledge

Davies, W. D. 2010. A Grammar of Madurese. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co.

Yule, G. 2010. The Study of Language (4th Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press