different names for similar technologies
Post on 07-Jan-2016
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DIFFERENT NAMES FOR
SIMILAR TECHNOLOGIES
world system (world system theory) A concept developed by the American historian Immanuel Wallerstein to refer to an economic unit extending beyond the boundaries of an individual nation-state by virtue of trade networks and economic alliances.
Iranian Plateau:
1.Fairly high
2.Surrounded with mountains
3.Bridge between Central Asia and the Mediterranean Basin world systems
Iranian Plateau:
4.Similar mountain ranges with Anatolia
5.Slightly cooler winters…
6.And relatively warmer summers than Anatolia
7.Significantly different agricultural production
Iranian Plateau:
7.Significantly different agricultural production
WHY?
Iranian Plateau:
8.Significantly less year-long precipitation than Anatolia
9.Mostly warm and arid soil
10.Significant regional differences between north west and southeast
Iranian Plateau:
• Mostly arid & not good for agriculture
• On significant commercial routes
• Significant regional differences
Pre-Islamic Iran
Sasanian Empire:
• Zoroastrianism as the religion of the imperial family
• Religious tolerance against Jews, Christians and other belief systems
Why?
Practical reasons for tolerance:
• War with the Byzantine Empire
• Agricultural production
Pre-Islamic Iran
681-745 CE
• Umayyad caliphate and “Arab elitism”
Islam in the Plateau
Islam in the Plateau• Loose control by notables and Persian
and other ethnic mercenaries
• Development of a judicial structure
• Central Asian influence and Sufi networks
Islam in the Plateau• Autonomous kingdoms by 9th century
Islam in the Plateau• Turkic tribes come in as mercenaries
in the 10th century
Islam in the Plateau
• From mercenaries to kings: Ghaznavids of 11th century
Islam in the Plateau• The expansion of the “Great Saljuqs”
in the 11th and 12th centuries
The Ilkhanid Empire of the Mongols
• A “Khanate” of the Mongols
• Settled in the plateau in the 13th century
• Centralized their administration in 14th century
• Allied themselves with urban bureaucrats, merchants and the ‘ulama
The Timurid Empire of the Mongols
• Emphasized Islam as a unifying factor in the plateau. Samarkand, Bukhara and Herat became important centers
Empires of Mercenaries:
Tribal alliances and adaptation
Military power and taxation
An age of Mercenaries
The Safavid Empire
• Safavid movement (founded by Shaykh Safi al-Din in the 14th century) was a Sunni Sufi movement
• It became particularly powerful in northwest plateau and Anatolia in the 15th century
• Shah Junayd (1447-60) and Shah Isma’il (1487-1524): birth of a Shi‛i Iran
• Shah Abbas: Expansion of the Safavid Empire—Isfahan
Do you notice anything peculiar in the way these empires changed over the time?
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