dietary approaches to keeping calves healthy - calf notes.com
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Dietary approachesto keeping calveshealthy
J. D. Quigley, IIIDiamond V MillsCedar Rapids, IA
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Keeping young calves healthyKeeping young calves healthyA high % of preweaning death loss can be related to improper colostrum management
Health is a balance between exposure and resistanceNewborns have little resistanceMaternal colostrum is the best source of resistance (antibodies) available to the calfIt’s the best thing you can do for your calves
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Problems with colostrumProblems with colostrum
Biosecurity concerns with colostrum (Johne’s)Variation in colostrum quality (low IgG)Difficult to predict IgGTiming and mass of administrationMany calves are moved from the home dairy within hours of birth
40 to 60% of calves on many farms have FPT at 24-48 h of age
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Colostrum supplementsColostrum supplements
Supplements (<100 g of IgG) Designed to improve the qualityof colostrum or provide specific IgGFirst generation of products available
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Serum IgG in calves fed CSSerum IgG in calves fed CS
Most early worked showed poor AEACalves fed only CS still have FPTCS based on serum had better AEA, but still insufficient mass of IgGMany producers used as replacers
MC = 0.06x + 7.88R2 = 0.52
MC+CS = 0.06x + 1.91R2 = 0.48
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10
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0 100 200 300 400 500IgG intake (g)
Seru
m Ig
G (g
/L)
CS provided 25 g of IgG
Hopkins and Quigley, 1997
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CS from lacteal secretionsCS from lacteal secretions
Poor AEA may be due to• low total IgG• high non-IgG protein• lack of trypsin inhibitors
Approximately 10% of protein in CS is IgG; remaining is albumin, whey protein, casein, lactalbumin, others
9.3 9.2
6.96.5
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Plas
ma
IgG
(g/L
)
Control CAS BSA BSA+CAS
Besser et al., 1993
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“True” colostrum replacers“True” colostrum replacersColostrum replacers• 100+ g IgG per dose• Replace components of
colostrum - protein, fat, vitamins and minerals
• Based on colostrum or fractionated plasma
Goal is to achieve plasma IgG of 10 g/L at 24 hours of ageNewer generation of products with greater research backing
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0
5
10
15
20
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IgG, g/L AEA, %
MCCR
AEA = plasma IgG (g/L) x plasma volume (L) / IgG intake (g)
Chelak et al., 1993
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Colostrum replacersColostrum replacers
40 122 10.7 31 Quigley et al. 200112 244 13.6 20 Quigley et al. 200116 187 13.3 30 Quigley et al. 200211 253 13.9 -- Quigley et al. 200239 215 13.8 20 Jones et al.** 200415 150 11.7 33 Hammer et al. 2004133 182 12.6 27
IgG Plasma IgG Publicationn intake (g) (g/L @ 24 h) AEA* Author Date
*Apparent efficiency of IgG absorption = IgG in plasma (g/L) x 9% of BW / IgG intake (g)
**Included Jersey calves
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Colostrum replacersColostrum replacers
Reduced % of calves with FPT compared to MCMortality of calves fed CR = 6 of 147 (4.1%) {3 studies}Reduced ADG to 28 d of ageWhat effect of non-Ig components of MC?
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6.7
2.50
10
20
30
% o
f cal
ves
with
FPT
Mowrey etal., 2004
Poulsen etal.,2003
MCCR
n = 78 n = 239
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Improving health post closureImproving health post closure
Reduce dietary stress: • Feed management• Balanced nutrition• Sufficient energy and
protein• No antigens
Stress redirects nutrients toward immune response away from ADG
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SED
M cell
Mesentericlymph node
FollicleTDAPeyer’s
patchLymphaticdrainage
Laminapropria
Intestinallumen
Crypt
Epithelium
IntraepitheliallymphocyteVillus
Afferentlymphatic
Organized tissues - induction sites
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Intestinal immunityIntestinal immunity
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Feed additivesFeed additivesWhether you’re filling a bottle for 7 or 7,000 - proper use of feed additives is essential to their effectiveness!
Probiotic bacteriaOligosaccharidesAntimicrobial compounds• Lactoferrin• IgG• MCT• Essential oils• Allicin
AcidificationImmune stimulation• β-glucans
Responses are generally greatest in cases of immunosuppression –especially when calves are stressed
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Probiotic bacteriaProbiotic bacteria
Goal: inhibit growth of pathogens by “competitive exclusion”Some data are positive others show no benefitViability is criticalLactobacillus, Bifidobacterium appear most effective – new data with E. coli
20
30
40
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BW gain, kg G:F, g/100 g
ConPB #1PB#2
P < 0.05 P < 0.05
Abe et al., 1995
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OligosaccharidesOligosaccharides
100
142158
10089 87
50
75
100
125
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175
200
% o
f con
trol
ADG d Scouring
ControlABOS
Adapted from: Quigley et al., J. Dairy Sci. 80:1751-1754.
Cell surface
Bacterium
Carbohydrates not digested or absorbed in the SI (FOS, MOS)In the LI, can be fermented to acidMay influence intestinal flora, increase VFA & energy balanceMay reduce binding of pathogens
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Antimicrobial peptide - lactoferrinAntimicrobial peptide - lactoferrin
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Week of study
Star
ter D
MI,
kg/d
0 g/d1 g/d10 g/d
N = 7/trmt; no difference in fecal score
Lactoferrin binds Fe which is required by many bacteriaCleavage of lactoferrin can produce lactoferricin which is directly antibacterialLimited data in calvesNot commercially available yet Adapted from Joslin et al., 2002.
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Antimicrobial peptide - IgGAntimicrobial peptide - IgG
0
0.5
1
1.5
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2.5
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C-R- C-R+ LC+R+ HC+R+
d Scouring
Fecal wtindex
1 5 0 0Number of calves died
Fowler et al., 1994, J. Dairy Sci., 78(Suppl. 1):235. (Abstr.)
Sources of IgG:• Colostrum & milk• Blood• Eggs
Binds to pathogens, may inhibit binding or may activate intestinal immunityAntigen specific or broad specificity
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Antimicrobial peptide - IgGAntimicrobial peptide - IgG
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Con Egg+ Egg++ MC+ MC++
Died %Fecal score
Ikemori et al., 1997
Eggs & MC from animals vaccinated with coronavirus vaccine at 2 levels; calves challenged with coronavirus on d 0
IgY is reasonably resistant to intestinal degradationTargeted protection
Yikes!
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Antimicrobial peptide - IgGAntimicrobial peptide - IgG
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
oocy
sts/
HPF
SOY C- BSC C- SOY C+ BSC C+
*
Calves fed CMR containing soy or bovine serum, challenged with C. parvum
Blood can be fractionated to collect IgG in various concentrationsRelatively inexpensiveGenerally polyclonal but can produce specific IgG in animals are vaccinated
E. Hunt, 2002. Pediatric Research 51:370-376
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Other antimicrobial compoundsOther antimicrobial compounds
Allicin (garlic) - inhibits growth of bacteria by binding to alcohol dehydrogenase• in calves challenged with
Cryptosporidium, researchers saw no effect of allicin
Essential oils - may reduce growth of bacteria & viruses – preliminary data in calves
0.2
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0.4
0.5
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0.8
AD
G (l
b/d)
Hill et al. Greatheadet al.
ControlEssen. Oil
Calves fed blends of EO in milk replacer for 42 or 56 d
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AcidificationAcidificationVariation in abomasal pH in response to feeding CMR by bottle or tube 2x/d
Feeding CMR causeschanges in abomasal pHHigh pH can allow growth of pathogensAdding organic acids may reduce gut pH, reduce growth of pathogensResults equivocal
Acidified CMR may be limit fed or offered for ad libitum consumption. Acidified CMR has longer reconstituted shelf life.
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Medium chain triglyceridesMedium chain triglycerides
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d of
she
ddin
g1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Calf #
Administration of 40-60 ml/d in milk-fed calves; 50-300 ml/d in older (3-6 mo) calvesA blend of MCT (C8,
C10, C12) fed orally to calves eliminated fecal coccidial oocyst sheddingTreatment was 3 to 11 d depending on amount of sheddingMCT are toxic to certain protozoa Sato et al., 2004
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β-glucan in calvesβ-glucan in calves
Purdue university has fed calves BG in challenge study:• Improved immune cells• Reduced clinical signs • Reduced death loss• Depends on the form of
BGBG stimulates white blood cells
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805
10152025303540
Dea
th lo
ss %
CON BG-1 BG-2
Cary et al., 2004
*
*
*
*P < 0.10
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Which is right for you?Which is right for you?
Base your decision on:• Do you understand the
MOA?• Can you solve problems
with sanitation?• Some products are
specific for pathogens • Projected ROI – reduced
morbidity / mortality vs. cost of application of product
Sanitation and a dedicated labor force is almost ALWAYS cheaper than investing in a “band-aid” solution to a pathogen problem.
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