dictators of the post-wwi world. characteristics of totalitarianism an official ideology...
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Characteristics of Totalitarianism An official ideology
Italy—FascismGermany—NazismUSSR—Communism
A single mass partyFascists (Italy)Nazis (Germany)Communists (USSR)
Characteristics--continued A system of terroristic
police controlNKVD—USSRBlack Shirts—ItalyGestapo—Germany
Characteristics-continued A monopoly on all means of
communicationRadio, press, movies
A monopoly on all weapons and military
Central control of the economy
Mussolini’s Rise to Power
Post-WWI—strikes,
unemployment, peasants seize land Mussolini’s Promises
Protect property for landownersEmployment and benefits for workersRestore Italy to former greatness
Black Shirts—used violence to gain support
March on Rome—October 1922 King Victor Emmanuel III—named him
Prime Minister
Fascism Italy became Fascist under
Mussolini Fascism
Glorification of the StateSingle party system with
strong rulerAggressive form of
Nationalism—gave state absolute authority
Fascism Mussolini used terminology
and symbols that recalled the “glory” of ancient Rome, and by association, Italy
The term fascist derived from the Latin word fasces--a bundle of rods that were tied around an axe
The fasces were an ancient Roman symbol of authority and strength through unity.
Fascist Italy
Traditional values Persecution of minorities Militarism Media controlled by government Imperialism and War—Invasion of
Ethiopia, WWII
Mussolini’s Dictatorship 1924—”Black Shirts” used violence to gain
control of Parliament 1926—non-fascist parties banned IL Duce—”the Leader”
The masses must obeyBrought stability to the country
Corporate StateSyndicates
○ Corporations of workers and employers○ Each syndicate sent reps to Rome to set policies
Russia Joseph Stalin takes
power! Used the NKVD—Soviet
secret police to control every aspect of Soviet life.
Police encouraged active spying/informing across society to create a climate of fear.
Political Purges Stalin “purged”—eliminated
political opposition throughout the Communist Party
Reached throughout Soviet society resulting in millions of deaths through outright execution and deaths through mistreatment in the “gulag.”
Severely weakened the leadership of the Red Army, leaving it unable to meet the initial challenges of Hitler’s army at the beginning of WWII
“Enemies of the state” executedduring Stalin’s purges
Germany and Hitler Born in Austria 1889. Served in German Army in
WWI. 1921--He had control of the
National Socialist Workers Party—the Nazi’s.
He led a revolt in 1923 to take over government. Supporters known as “Brown Shirts” (Beer Hall Putsch)
The putsch failed and Hitler was put into prison, where he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
Hitler as a soldier in WWI
How did Hitler gain power?
Hitler realized that he had to gain power through legal means
By 1932 the Nazi Party was the largest party in the German Parliament--
the Reichstag. Hitler appeals to German
Nationalism:
> Promises to restore national pride
> Rebuild economy
> Punish Germany’s enemies Hitler is voted into power by
the German people!! Named Chancellor in January
1933.
Hitler speaking to the Reichstag
The Reichstag Fire The Reichstag
Legislative Building of GermanyEquivalent of US Capitol Building
Burned in February, 1933 Quickly established that it was an act of arson. A young, mentally-handicapped communist, Marinus
van der Lubbe was arrested at the site of the fire. Hitler used the incident as an excuse to eliminate
the communists. Widely believed that the Nazis actually started the
fire.
The Third Reich Enabling Act: gave Hitler
complete control without any checks on his power.>Became sole ruler upon death of President Hindenburg in 1934
Der Fuhrer: or leader, would be how Hitler was to be called.
Aryan Nation: Hitler believed that it was destiny for Germany to dominate the world. (Third Reich)
Nazi Rule Hitler used totalitarian
methods in governing Germany.> Government enacted public works projects.
Hitler used terror as a tool to control the masses.> SS under the direction of Himmler. ( became the German secret police)> Beatings, Concentration Camps, and Murder were used to keep control.
Hitler Youth
German Army Hitler gradually grew the
Germany military in violation
of the Treaty of Versailles. German military force re-named the
Wehrmacht in 1935 and conscription reinstituted.
Hitler insisted that all members of the German armed forces swear a personal oath of loyalty to him rather than to the nation.
Rallying the Masses Hitler used spectacles to
rally the masses. Nuremberg:
> Nazi Party rally sparked mass enthusiasm and excitement.
Churches, Schools, and Universities were placed under Nazi control.
Nazi control also extended into many of the German professional organizations.
Nuremburg Rally
Women in the Nazi Party
Women played major role in Nazi way of life
> Needed to have more children for the Aryan world domination.> Important to work in war factories.> Some jobs were considered not suitable for women. Nazi Party Magazine for Women
Persecution Anti-Semitic Policies:
> Hitler blamed Jews for everything including the Versailles Treaty. (scapegoats)> 1935 Nuremberg Laws:
* no German citizenship* no marriages between
Jews and Germans* Had to wear arm band
with the star of David & carry ID cards
Kristallnacht Kristallnacht: Nov. 9,
1938
> “Night of Shattered Glass”> Nazi’s burned synagogues and destroyed Jewish businesses.> 100 Jews killed, 30,000 sent to concentration camps.> Jews were forced to clean up.
Jews were encouraged to leave Germany.
Purging the Potential Opposition
“Night of the Long Knives” Hitler encouraged competition
among senior Nazi leadership, “divide and rule”
June 30-July 2, 1934Over 200 senior leaders in
government and the Nazi Party were arrested and most were executed.
Included some of Hitler’s oldest associates in the Brown Shirts, including Ernst Roehm, who had been instrumental in his rise to power.
Spain and Franco
Spain:
> Francisco Franco led a revolt against democratic leaders in 1936.
* Spanish Civil War
* He became dictator in 1939
* Italy and Germany aided Franco.
Japan and the Rise of Militarism
During WWIExpanded influence in Asia21 Demands—Made China a Japanese
protectorate Post WWI
League of Nations did not accept statement of racial equality
Did not support 21 Demands—forced “Open Door policy”
U.S. closed to Japanese immigrationHumiliated Japanese
Japan—Social/Political Issues Population/industrial growth
Population Explosion—Grew from 35 to 60 million in 50 years
Rapid industrial growthBoth of these events put tremendous
pressure on the limited natural resources of Japan
Desperate need for raw materials to fuel their growth/feed population
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