devoxx 2008 - rest in peace
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www.devoxx.com
REST In Peace:Javanian RESTfulness
Steven Noels Marc Portier
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Overall Presentation Goal
Learn how to architect, prototype and build RESTful Web Services and Interactive Web Sites
using appropriate Java frameworks.
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Speaker’s qualificationsSteven and Marc combine 25+ years of Java and XML-based web development and co-founded Outerthought.
A involved history of application development with Apache Cocoon.
Outerthought has been building an open source Content Management System that follows REST-principles named “Daisy” for the past 4+ years.
Outerthought is currently building a REST-supporting development framework: “Kauri”.
We are an early REST adopter as we were with Java in 1996.
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Overall Presentation Goal
Learn how to architect, prototype and build RESTful Web Services and Interactive Web Sites
using appropriate Java frameworks.
www.devoxx.com
Underlying theme
• Help! My boss wants me to develop REST applications?
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What REST means ....
A pragmatical, no-nonsense approach and guiding set of ideas.
A way to think about Web Services!
• As in: ”Distributed Computing System Architectures”
• Sometimes leading to almost religious debates
A nostalgic 'return to the web movement'
Probably a prophecy about the Semantic Web
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The problem with REST
You can't just buy it. (tools, products,...)
Big words, theoretic, even esoteric guidance
Often negative advise:
• Do not do this or that.
Too little concrete tips, steps to follow, ...
An architectural style – not an architecture
• Lack of building plans
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Resource Oriented Architectures
aka ROA
Term coined in the RWS Book
More practical advise and groundwork
For
• A REST-style architecture
• For building services
• Tied to the Web
• And its main HTTP protocol
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Web Essence
Q1: Method Information
• How does the client convey its intentions to the server?
• HTTP method: GET, PUT, POST, DELETE
• URI: e.g. GET /path?method=removeThat
• Entity Body: Envelope with certain format (e.g. SOAP)
Q2: Scope Information
• How does the client tell the server which (part of the) data to operate on
• URI (path or request params)
• Entity Body: Envelope with certain format (e.g. SOAP)
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Different types of Web Services
I. RESTFul/Resource Oriented
• Method info in HTTP Method.
• Scoping info in URI.
II. RPC Style
• Entity Body holds Method and Scoping info.
• Single URI: the 'end-point' | Single Method: POST
III. Hybrid
• Method info in the URI, next to the scope info.
• Difficult to spot, only visible when not read-only.
• Often grown out of classic websites. m
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ROA Terminology
#1. Resources
#2. URI's
#3. Representations
#4. Links Between them
The four Concepts
~1. Addressability
~2. Statelessness
~3. Connectedness
~4. Uniform Interface
The four Properties
* as proposed by the RWS Book
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#1. A Resource
Something.
Anything.
• Idea, Concept
• Data record, Result, Answer, File,
• Physical item, Real world object.
As soon as it is important enough to
• Reference it by itself.
• Talk about it.
• Get representations from it.
• Perform operations on it.s
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Kinds Of Web Resources
End-User Data – or 'library resources'
• Content (CMS like)
• Binary Downloads and 'attachments'
• Full Text Search-result-lists, linking to the above
• Almost directly consumed by End-Users
“Faceless” - or 'service resources'
• Manageable Data (json or XML) Items (CRUD)
• Query results – Algorithm results (GET only)
• Predefined one-off views/indexes (GET only)
• Consumed by Custom Applicationss
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Kinds Of Web Resources IIBrowser-Technology-Feeds – or 'site resources'
• Pages/Page Impressions
• (possibly also aggregated)
• Styling/Skinning (CSS / Images)
• Functional Applications
• Forms
• JavaScript logic (or other RIA approach)
• Consumed by web-browsers, supporting the end-user experience.
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#2. URI
Universal Resource Identifier
It is the name
And the address of a resource
The existential property of the resource
• If it doesn't have a URI, it isn't a resource
• All resources have (at least) one
http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Axioms (TBL)m
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Good URI's Are...
Descriptive
• Reading the URI gives a good idea what to expect.
No surprise / Natural
Following some pattern / structure (Hackable)
• Similar resources have similar URI's, eg
• http://library.org/search/REST
• http://library.org/articles-about/SOAP
Long lasting associated to the resource.
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URI to Resource Relation
Can two resources be the same? Can two resources share the same URI?
• No.
• URI's are UNIVERSAL (one for the resource in the whole universe)
• Still at any given time two distinct resources might point to the same data:
• http://project.org/releases/1.0.7.tar.gz
• http://project.org/releases/latest.tar.gz
• Note: two distinct concepts!
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URI to Resource Relation II
Can a URI be associated to another resource?
• No. The meaning should stick.
• Note though: Resources do have a live-cycle. They exist/don't-exist at any given time.
Can one resource have more then one URI?
• Yes. Alternatives make resource more accessible. But also dilutes the value of each one.
• Relates to: Are my car-keys in my normal spot(s)
• Make sure there is a canonical variant...
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Canonical URI's in Practice
Advised when 2 or more URI's exist for one resource
Solution 1:
• All URI's return 200 OK, and representation in body
• Together with special header:Content-Location: canonical URI
Solution 2:
• Only one URI serves the content (with 200 OK)
• All others return 303 See Also
• Together with the header:Location: canonical URI
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~1. Addressability
Question: How many URIs should you foresee?
• Answer: more!
• Increase the surface area of your application.Preference: URI or Description?
1) Goto homepage,
2) Then query for “criteria”
3) Take 3rd option...
Random Access Coordinates To All Resources
• URI's to resources are no accidents, but part of the design. m
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Addressability Matters
URIs can be published anywhere (email, paper, ...)
Addresses can be talked about (link love!)
• Bookmark- and tagging services.
True (addressable) Resources get Web Benefits:
• Caching
• Chaining & Aggregation
• Translation & Validation Services
• Scraping and Mash-up
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~2. Statelessness
Every HTTP request for a resource should happen in complete isolation.
• Server never relies on information from previous messages.
Logic Premises:
• Resources are pieces of info on a server
• Addressability says they all should have URI's
Then Statelessness means all server states have a distinct URI.
• e.g. page 2 from Google results about 'REST's
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Statelessness Matters
Superlative of Addressability
• Bookmark-able hooks into earlier conversations
• The 'boemboemboem' without the 'blablabla'
All benefits of addressability, Now for intermediate states:
• Caching, mash-up, aggregation, translation, direct referencing, ...
Most importantly: positive effect on scalability
• Easier distribution across load-balanced servers.
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Kinds of State
The bad kind: “Conversational State”
• Builds up a conversation/session.
• Introduces dependency across requests.
The good kind: “Application State”
• Cleanly kept up in the client, the process, the end-user interaction
• Grown by user interaction and received links.
The ugly (hard) kind: “Resource State”
• Server side. Conform the resource life-cycle.m
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#3. Representations
Plato-nic view on things
Resource = the concept, idea, or principle
Representation = what you really get
• The data, The bytes
• a COPY
• Physical resources often have disappointing representations (often status info or metadata)
Note: representations can travel upstream.
• Write operations via PUTs
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Representation Variants
Representations have specific format and language (the resource often has not)
Clients can 'negotiate' preferred variant:
• Request headers: Accept: (mime-types)Accept-language: (iso codes)
Server can describe in which ways representations can vary:
• Response header: Vary: Accept, Accept-language
• Important for caches!Vary: * //can not be cached
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On Content Negotiation
1 URI per resource is Good™
1 URI per representation is practical
• More visible and clear
• Still a canonical negotiation URI is possible
• Increased “Addressability”
• Passing URI to translation and validation services
Options
• Through request parameter (@google: ?hl=nl )
• In the /path/resource-name.nl.htmlm
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#4. Links
Ehrm? Not URI's?
Link = fact that the URI gets encoded in the representation
Wow. WOW! (Let it sip through!)
Note: soft-referencing by nature.
(Imagine being 12 and )Getting an SMS with the number
of a new buddy to be SMS-ing with...
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~3. Connectedness
URI = name-addressing scheme
• Then designing to use them is to ensure Addressability
Links = having representations hold URIs
• Then designing to use them wisely is to ensureConnectedness.
The end-goal is to achieve self-learning behaviour upon the clients
• Publish only one entry URI
• cfr. REST-paper: Hypermedia as the engine of application state
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~4. The uniform interface
Limited set of resource interactions
• GET, PUT, DELETE (allow for crud-like operations)
• POST
• The escape for the pragmatics
• The Danger zone (breaking ROA properties)
• HEAD: same as GET without the payload
• OPTIONS: self-description of the resource
• Underused.
•Answer in response header:Allow: GET HEAD PUT DELETE
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The uniform Interface
The various methods are expected to work in a certain way (Reason: resilience to unreliable networks)
• GET (and HEAD) should be SAFE
• No changes to server-state.
• No side-effects intended by the client.
• Mild side-effects accepted (log, counters, ...)
• PUT and DELETE should be IDEMPOTENT
• Replay/Duplicate of the message does not change the server-state again.
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The uniform Interface
• POST, no restrictions. The Sky is the limit
• Design and document for safety and idempotence!
• e.g. uuid for operation, optimistic locking, ...
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More Uniform Interfacing!
NOT only about the request-method
• Response Code! (no error-code hiding please!)
• Request Headers (e.g. content negotiation)
• Response Headers
• Mainly Location, Content-Location
• Don't overdo it though: stay away of subtle nuances and unused/unknown concepts
Essence: Principle of least surprise.
• So avoid custom X-Headers and cookiesm
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Caching
Caching is a solution for
• Latency and network traffic.
Critical success factor of the web.
• Don't fight it for 'control' of your website.
• Don't see it as a danger or problem.
The opportunity in “stale”
• Design to help caches do what you think is best
• Buzzphrase: stale and scale
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Recap: Resource Oriented Architectures
#1. Resources
#2. URI's
#3. Representations
#4. Links Between them
The four Concepts
~1. Addressability
~2. Statelessness
~3. Connectedness
~4. Uniform Interface
The four Properties
* as proposed by the RWS Book
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Recap: Why REST?
•Increased contact surface and deep linking
•Scaling out over stateless servers.
•Safe operations over unreliable networks.
•Benefitting from the web delivery infrastructure.
•A more balanced distribution of code and responsabilities across client and server
•Cut the crap: less layers for the same (no WS-*)
•Blending machine and human Internets:
•One filosophy for building web-sites and -servicess
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Going practical
RESTful webapp development
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Analysis and design
Questions to be asked
• what are my resources and their URIs
• mapping services/methods to resources
• optionally: UI – screens and flow
• managing application state
Things to build
• a service: API (i.e. REST), runtime environment, persistency
• a client: custom or browser-baseds
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RESTful web applications
The (web/browser) client needs all the usual stuff
• templates for dynamic behaviour
• forms (!) for interactive behaviour
• skinning
• navigation
• aggregation
Kauri offers all this RIA stuff and more
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From entities to resources1. Define the data-set.
2. Split the data-set into resources.
For each resource
3.Name the resource (URI)
4.Supported request methods.
5.Design exchanged representations
1.Integrate (link) the resources
2.Consider typical/normal flow and interaction.
6.Handle error-conditions and
7.Decide upon error-codes.m
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From object models to resources
•OK, so persistent objects/CRUD are easy
/data/{entity}[?q=] GET > list
/data/{entity} POST > create
/data/{entity}/{id} GET mani- PUT > pul- DELETE ate
•But what about the hard stuff?
● Service methods
● Transactions (locks)
● Sessionss
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Acceptable POSTs: the obvious
Creating subordinate resources
• when resource location is under client control
• request = PUT + representation
• response = 200 OK
• when server decides on URI
• request = POST + representation
• response = 201 Created + location header
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Less obvious POSTs
Appending resource state (e.g. log entries, audit, chat)
• i.o. to avoid full rewrite of resource state
• PUT should be safe, i.e. cannot be incremental
Be pragmatic:
• POST uri?method=put|delete
• Batch of PUTs
Avoid: anything that will introduce the RPC style
• one endpoint URI
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Sessions and State
NOTE: Statelessness means the client is in control
When the statelessness theory ends: unreliable, untrustworthy clients
• e.g. Temptation to go beyond agreed service contract (size, speed, ...)
Keeping state on the server is hard
• Solution1: State Replication
• Solution2: Session Affinity
• Both conflict with scalability needs (clusters)
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About cookies...
No problem! (Like custom X-Request-Headers)
The kind of state they contain is the issue!
• Session-id? BOO! (== conversation state)
• application state = OK. But why not use the URI?
Cookies introduce 'special/non standard' use.
Less 'uniform' interface. More surprise.
Breaks back-button behaviour.
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Pragmatic with state
Temporary Resources
• Resources are acceptable server-state containers.
• Side-effect creation is acceptable.
• Lease-expire deletion is acceptable.
• Loading resources in memory (cache) is acceptable (cfr. LinkedIn)
Distributed Server State is still an (ugly) issue.
• Server-state == Resource State (hence persistent).
• Resource updates must be known across the cluster!
• Solution easier if non-real-time allowed. (latency)
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Temporary Resources
Create the resource
Put subordinate resources in there
Client should keep references
POST /temp/upload HTTP/1.1Host: example.com
201 CreatedLocation: /temp/upload/223
PUT /temp/upload/223/resume/cv-mpo.pdf HTTP/1.1Host: example.com
<data>
PUT /application/20080923/mpo HTTP/1.1Host: example.com
{name:”Marc Portier”, mugshot: “/temp/upload/223/mugshot/mpo.gif”, resume: “/temp/upload/223/resume/cv-mpo.pdf” }
PUT /temp/upload/223/mugshot/mpo.gif HTTP/1.1Host: example.com
<data>
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Transactions
Atomic operations across resources?
Insanely difficult in distributed environments
• In principle HTTP is miles away from XA.
• Practical solutions in relaxing your expectations.
• Still a single server transaction should be achievable.
Old Style:
• Escape into POST: batch-handling
• Request scope matches transaction.
The smart trick:
• Call it a resource.m
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Transaction Resources
Create the transaction
Put resources in the transaction
Put the transaction
POST /tx/transfer HTTP/1.1Host: example.com
201 CreatedLocation: /tx/transfer/738
PUT /tx/transfer/738/account/938-883 HTTP/1.1Host: example.com
balance=300PUT /tx/transfer/738/account/553-213 HTTP/1.1Host: example.com
balance=710
PUT /tx/transfer/738 HTTP/1.1Host: example.com
committed=true
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Queueing
Caches work well on the read-end
• “Read Cache” Proxy
On the upstream side
• “Write Accept” Proxy
• 202 Accepted
• Client request not handled in real time.
• Location: can point to resource for status-checking
• Only fights latency. Spread load over time.
• Use cases: classic media driven “vote now” m
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Onto tooling
We've got all issues covered.Except the real one:
How to do it?
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Lightweight REST Framework for Java
Clear API : ROA concepts• Request-Response• Representations/Entities• Resource and Reference
Symmetric client-server use!
Routing with parsed URI Templates
Many modules under development, a.o.• GWT• JAX-RS
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Website
• http://www.restlet.org
Developer Wiki & Documentation
• http://wiki.restlet.org
Mailing List
• http://restlet.tigris.org/servlets/ProjectMailingListList
SVN
• http://restlet.tigris.org/source/browse/restlet/
Issues
• http://restlet.tigris.org/servlets/ProjectIssues
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JAX-RS
Annotations for Java coded 'Resource'-POJOS
• Uses URITemplates for mapping
JSR-311
• http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=311
• Released Oct. 10th 2008
Reference Implementation in Jersey
• https://jersey.dev.java.net/, version 1.0.1 (Dec 1st)
• Subproject of Glassfish
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Samplepackage com.mycompany.module1;
import javax.ws.rs.Path;import javax.ws.rs.GET;import javax.ws.rs.ProduceMime;import javax.ws.rs.PathParam;
@Path("helloworld-from-java/{name}")public class HelloWorldResource {
@GET @ProduceMime("text/html") public String foo(@PathParam("name") String name) { return "<html><body>Hello <b>" + name + "</b> Here is my fully " +
"qualified class name: " + getClass().getName() + "</body></html>"; }}
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More JAXRS @ Devoxx
Thursday 17:50-18:50
Room 5
by Paul Sandoz
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On your marks...
We've got all issues covered.Except the real one:
How to do it with Kauri?
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Setting the context
BBC Live Services
Social Services back-end for high-impact websites
• tags, annotations, ratings, votes
• to be called from a PHP front-end
The challenges
• MUST: REST
• MUST: XML
• MUST: scale (load, volume, availability)
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Requests Minute
Requests Hour
Peak Hours
Peak Requests
Offpeak Share
Offpeak Hours
Offpeak Requests
Total Daily
Total Monthly
(m)
Caching
put Messaging 50 3000 2 6000 20% 22 13200 19200 0.576 queueput Tagging 100 6000 2 12000 20% 22 26400 38400 1.152put Rating/Voting 500 30000 1 30000 20% 23 138000 168000 5.040 queueget tags/page/plain 200 12000 2 24000 20% 22 52800 76800 2.304 shortget tags/page/histogram 500 30000 2 60000 20% 22 132000 192000 5.760 longget tags/user/plain 50 3000 1 3000 20% 23 13800 16800 0.504 shortget tags/user/histogram 500 30000 2 60000 10% 22 66000 126000 3.780 longreplace tags 1 60 2 120 10% 22 132 252 0.008 longadd comment 100 6000 2 12000 20% 22 26400 38400 1.152 queueupdate comment 1 60 2 120 20% 22 264 384 0.012get comments/page 500 30000 2 60000 20% 22 132000 192000 5.760 mediumget comment/user 10 600 2 1200 20% 22 2640 3840 0.115 mediumget rating/voting/page/histogram 500 30000 2 60000 20% 22 132000 192000 5.760 longget rating/voting/user/histogram 10 600 2 1200 20% 22 2640 3840 0.115 long
Total Requests/Month 32.037
Expected load
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Weight-watcher version
A simple annotation service
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How to start?
Install Kauri
• Java 5+
• Maven 2.0.9
• Kauri (0.3)
Get Kauri from www.kauriproject.org
Deploy Kauri libraries to local development repository (M2)
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Kauri schematics
Kauri runtime + Maven 2 + Spring + bunch of modules
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Supplied Kauri modules
routing
templating
forms
archetype(-prototyping)
dbresources (JPA)
dbmock (json as a data tier for prototyping)
representationbuilder
forms
jQuery
blueprint css
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Why Maven (2) ?
dependency management
build system
repository layout (jars + naming convention)
useful @ dev-time, but also:alternative for .war packaging @run-time
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DEMO
[1a.] Build hello-world from maven-archetype
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What have we done:
Run archetype
~/local/kauri/bin/kauri-project-template.sh
Provide a Page, RUN & Test
• serving static resources
• JaxRS + representation + simple template
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kauri.xml
deployment descriptor• modules used in project• java & rest service wiring
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Kauri modules
deployed as a JAR in a Maven repo layout
• i.e. unit of reuse – self-contained component
• as opposed to WAR:
• no jar layout
• only reuse possible at the app level
offers Java and/or REST services
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DEMO
[1b.] Give our first module a more meaningful name and see how Eclipse development works.
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Steps
new general project
mvn eclipse:eclipse & import
search for module1
rename all matches to something else
refactor / move using Eclipse
run with -s option for live modifications
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DEMO
[1c.] Templating, routing and REST service wiring.
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Steps
Add logo route to router.groovy
Change 'mountpoint' in kauri.xml and change links to use publicUri service
• module can be mounted anywhere now
Add 'search' (rest-)service
• using Google search as a REST service
• with request param passing in router.groovy
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About services and URIs
kauri.xml mounts services in the (public) URI space
• use relative (local) URIs !
• rest services have a known interface:
• method support, request params
• returned formats
• content negotiation ...
Within Kauri, rest-services are Restlets
Globally: anything URI accessible (http(s)://, file:// ... various Restlet goodies ...)
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DEMO
[2.] Build a RESTful data service via JPA annotated persistent objects.
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Steps
Use JPA service (dbresources) to create rest-service/data/annotation GET > list/data/annotation POST > create /data/annotation/{id} GET, PUT, DELETE > manipulation
Annotation resource class – create PO
id, URI, text, creation date
add mapping in kauri.xml
test and manipulate with Poster (Firefox extension)
just a web-service, no site yet
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DEMO
[3.] Make it real: the simple annotation tool.
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Weight-watcher version
A simple annotation service
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DEMO
[3.] Build the simple annotation tool.
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Steps
Steven, teh friendly html ui wizard joins me with his USB stickie
Demo of his work
• build, mvn install, run in prototype mode
• explain dbMock
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Beyond demoware
For BBC Live Services, the front-end tier (with Kauri) was actually quite easy
• JaxRS, ≈ 4 resource classes
• Kauri template engine for representation generation
Most of work went in the persistence
• partitioning in Java code (DAO)
• mysqlproxy: master/slave setup
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Kauri Conclusions
Holistic design and collaboration
• from early prototyping to full deployment
• From web-sites to web-services and back (integrated)
Modular construction + wiring
• Choose Routing models for best fit
Standing on the shoulders of
Maven - Spring – JPA – Restlet – jQuery – Blueprint CSS - ...
mhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/mushon/282287572/
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More about Kauri ...
Things we didn't show! (a lot)
• Most notably: forms framework(client-side RIA framework)
• widget library
• Upcoming; rewriting Daisy on top of Kauri
You're all invited @ http://kauriproject.org/
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Concluding statement
Insert concluding statement or quote here. Remember, this is the final take-away that will challenge your audience with a call to action.x
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Q&A
stevenn@outerthought.org
mpo@outerthought.org
www.kauriproject.org
m+s
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