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Development of Triple Band Planar Inverted F-Antenna (PIFA) for GSM 800 MHz, DCS
1800 MHz and Bluetooth 2400 MHz
MUKHTAR AHMED YASIN
This thesis submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the award of the Master’s Degree of
Electrical Engineering.
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
JANUARY 2015
5
ABSTRACT
A triple band Planar Inverted F-Antenna (PIFA) antenna for GSM900, DCS1800 and
Blutooth2400 is presented. The antenna consists of square planar radiating patch with dual L-
shaped slots suspended above the FR4 dielectric substrate. A shorting plate is employed between
the top patch and the ground plane. The antenna is fed by using coaxial feeding as it is easier to
design. The antenna is designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio. Different parameters
such as shorting width, height of antenna, ground plane size and patch slot size that effect PIFA
antenna characteristics are also studied. The designed antenna is fabricated, assembled together
and tested using network analyzer. The result obtained for the S11 parameter in measurement for
the three bands are 0.966 GHz, 1.836 GHz and 2.50 GHz with return loss of -25.84 dB, -32.52 dB
and -24.2 dB respectively. Comparison for the measurement and the simulation are carried out in
terms of S11 parameter, bandwidth, VSWR, input impedance and radiation pattern.
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
TITLE PAGE i
DECLERATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objectives 2
1.3 Scope of study 3
1.4 Problem Statement 4
7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Basics of Antenna 6
2.2.1 Resonant antenna 6
2.2.2 Broadband antenna 6
2.2.3 Aperture antenna 7
2.2.4 Electrically small antenna 8
2.3 Antenna Characteristics 8
2.3.1 Return Loss 9
2.3.2 Radiation Pattern 9
2.3.3 Bandwidth 10
2.3.4 VSWR 10
2.3.5 Beam width 11
2.3.6 Directivity and Gain 11
2.3.7 Impedance matching 12
2.4. Feeding methods 12
2.4.1 Coaxial feeding 13
2.4.2 Microstrip line feeding 13
2.4.3 Aperture Coupled feed 14
2.4.4 Proximity Coupled feed 15
2.5. Planar Inverted F-Antenna (PIFA) 16
2.6 Global System for Mobile (GSM) 18
2.7 Review of previous articles 19
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2.7.1 Design of Triple band PIFA 19
2.7.2 An internal Triple band for PCS/IMT-2000 20
2.7.3 Design of compact tri-band PIFA 22
2.7 Design and SAR analysis of tri band PIFA 23
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Antenna design configuration 28
3.3 Design Procedure using Mathematical Method 29
3.4 CST MWS design procedure 30
3.4.1 Create new project 30
3.4.2 Set all the parameters 31
3.4.3 Create the proposed design 32
3.4.4 Simulate the design 33
3.4.4 Model the ground plane 34
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction 34
4.2 Antenna design 35
4.3 Parametric study 36
4.3.1 Ground plane size 36
4.3.2 Shorting width 37
4.3.3 Gab slot size 37
4.3.4 Height 38
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4.4 Simulation result 39
4.4.1 S11 parameter 39
4.4.2 Bandwidth 40
4.4.3 VSWR 40
4.4.4 Input impedance 41
4.4.5 Radiation pattern 42
4.5 Measurement results 44
4.5.1 S11 parameter 44
4.5.2 Bandwidth 45
4.5.3 VSWR 46
4.5.4 Input impedance 47
4.6 Comparison of measurement and simulation 48
4.6.1 Return loss and bandwidth 48
4.6.2 VSWR 50
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 51
5.2 Recommendation 53
REFERENCES 54
APPENDIX 59
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LIST OF TABLES
3.1 Calculations of the dimensions of the antenna
29
4.1 Summarized parametric study of the PIFA antenna
39
4.2 Simulated directivity, gain and radiation efficiency of PIFA antenna
43
4.3 Bandwidth, return loss and center frequency difference between
measurement and simulation
49
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LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Half wave dipole 6
2.2 Yagi-Uda with 3 elements 6
2.3 Spiral antenna 7
2.4 Log-periodic antenna 7
2.5 Aperture antennas 7
2.6 Short dipole 8
2.7 Small loop antenna 8
2.8 Top and side view of coaxial feeding method 13
2.9 Microstrip line feeding 14
2.10 Aperture coupled feeding 15
2.11 Proximity coupled feeding 16
2.12 PIFA antenna configuration 17
2.13 Geometry and dimensions of triple-band planar inverted F-antenna both
side view and face view
19
2.14 Configuration of the proposed triple-band internal antenna for
PCS/IMT2000/Bluetooth applications.
21
2.15 Antenna geometry 23
12
2.16 Structure of the proposed antenna 24
3.1 Planning flowchart for PS1 and PS2 26
3.2 Planning flowchart for implementation project 27
3.3 3D view of the proposed tri-band PIFA antenna 28
3.4 CST microwave studio project 30
3.5 Antenna template 31
3.6 The parametric list (in the red border) 31
3.7 The proposed design configuration of tri-band PIFA antenna in CST
MWS
32
4.1 Antenna design in CST MW studio 35
4.2 Comparison of different ground plane sizes 36
4.3 Comparison of different shorting widths 37
4.4 Comparison of different gap slots on patch 38
4.5 Comparison of different heights of antenna 38
4.6 S11 parameter of simulated result 39
4.7 The bandwidth of PIFA antenna 40
4.8 The simulated VSWR 41
4.9 Copper wire for feeding from SMA connector 41
4.10 Simulated input impedance of PIFA antenna 42
4.11 Radiation pattern of 0.9 GHz band 43
4.12 Radiation pattern of 1.8 GHz band 43
4.13 Radiation pattern of 2.4 GHz band 43
4.14 Return loss obtained by measurement 44
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4.15 Measured VSWR of the PIFA antenna 45
4.16 Measured VSWR of the PIFA antenna 46
4.17 Measured input impedance of the PIFA antenna 47
4.18 (a) PIFA design in simulation (b) PIFA design in after fabrication 48
4.19 Measured input impedance of the PIFA antenna 50
4.20 Measured input impedance of the PIFA antenna 50
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DCS Digital Cellular System
GSM Global System for Mobile
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
PCS Personal Communication System
IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
SAR Specific Absorption Rate
PIFA Planar Inverted F-Antenna
PCB Printed Circuit Board
CST Computer Software Technology
MWS Microwave Studio
EM Electromagnetic
BW Bandwidth
FNBW First-Null Beamwidth
HPBW Half-power Beamwidth
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
S11 Return Loss
dB Decibels
14
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
SWR Standing Wave Ratio
SMA Sub Miniature A
FR4 Fire retardant 4
UTHM University Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia
LIST OF SYMBOLS
GHz Gigahertz
MHz Megahertz
Lambda (wavelength)
H height of antenna
L length of the ground plane
L1 length of the top radiating patch
L2 length of the outer L-shaped slot (for 1.8GHz)
L3 length of the second L-shaped slot (for 2.4GHz)
W width of the ground plane
W1 width of the top radiating patch
W2 width of the outer L-shaped slot (for 1.8GHz)
W3 width of the second L-shaped slot (for 2.4GHz)
ε r dielectric constant of the substrate
c speed of light 3x 10-8
m/s
Ohm
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LIST OF APPENDICES
A Gantt chart
B Pictures of the fabricated design of PIFA antenna
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction
The origination of wireless communications started in 1886 when Heinrich Hertz did an
experiment to confirm the presence of electromagnetic waves based on James Maxwell’s (1864)
theoretical foundation for electromagnetic radiation. It was then in 1897, Guglielmo Marconi first
establish the capabilities of wireless communications through continuous contact with ships sailing
the English Channel [1]. Since then, antennas have always been evolving due to the development
of wireless technologies which has led to radio, television, mobile phone and satellite
communications.
Planar antennas are the newest generations of antennas boasting the attractive features
required, such as broad operating bandwidth, low profile, light weight and ease of integrations into
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arrays of radio frequency circuits, to make them ideal components of modern communications
systems. Planar antennas have variety of types and one of them is planar inverted F antenna (PIFA).
Planar Inverted-F Antennas (PIFAs) are resonant at a quarter-wavelength and are widely used for
mobile phone applications and other communication devices due to its merits of small size, light
weight, low SAR values, good gain & multiband operation [2]-[8].
This antenna resembles an inverted F, which explains the PIFA name. The PIFA antenna
is popular because it has a low profile and an omnidirectional pattern. The antenna can be
miniaturized since there is a limited space in the printed circuit, without causing degradation to the
performance of the antenna parameters such as the bandwidth and radiation patterns [2].
In this work, a triple band operating PIFA antenna was designed which covers frequency
bands of GSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and Bluetooth 2400 MHz. In order to obtain the triple
band operation, two slots of L-shaped was created on the patch of the antenna. The dual L-shaped
slots will make the antenna to operate a triple band operation.
1.2. Objectives
a) To design triple band PIFA antenna for mobile handheld devices that operates
frequency bands of GSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and Bluetooth 2400 MHz by using
CST MWS software.
b) To measure and evaluate the antenna performance in terms of return loss, VSWR,
bandwidth and radiation pattern.
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1.3. Scope of study
This project is intended to develop and analyze a triple band Planar Inverted-F Antenna
(PIFA) that is capable to cover Cellular frequencies of GSM900 and DCS1800 and non-cellular
frequency such as Bluetooth/WLAN 2400 MHz. The antenna will be modeled and simulated with
CST MWS simulation software. This simulation tool is used to evaluate the operation of the
antenna at the prescribed frequencies in terms of input impedance, radiation patterns and return
loss values for the S11 parameters. The final stage is to fabricate, measure and evaluate the antenna
S parameter, efficiency and field pattern. A parametric study will also be carried out to find the
effects of different parameters (such as shorting plate, height of antenna, ground plane and slots
on the patch) to the operating frequency and bandwidth of the antenna. The measurement can be
carried out by using network analyzer.
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1.4. Problem Statement
In recent years integration of technology in mobile communication system has led to a
great demand in developing small size antenna with multi-band operation that is able to operate in
the required system. Single band antennas only support one or two frequencies of wireless services
and these days more and more wireless standards are being supported by the devices. So they
employ several antennas for each standard. This leads to large space requirement in handheld
devices. Therefore, due to the space constraints in mobile devices, an antenna which will cover
multiple bands of frequencies will be the best solution in order to allow more space in the mobile
devices. The multi band operation of the antenna can be achieved by using a low profile antenna
structure like PIFA (Planar Inverted F-Antenna) with additional features to enhance the bandwidth
coverage and other important performance parameters. This will even allow mobile devices to be
very small in thickness.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
This section talks about the theoretical information related to the project such as the basics
of antenna and its characteristics.
This section of the thesis also reviews a number of papers, which have formed the basis for
the research component. This thesis provides an insight into the background of co- formality
antennas. A few papers have been studied in order to gain required knowledge needed in the design
process. There are also references from source such as books and articles. From data collection, it
has points that capable to increase the knowledge especially about this paper.
2.2. Basics of Antenna
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There are many basic types of antenna elements such as the dipole, horn, slot, spiral, long
wire, and monopole. There are also many different types of systems where these elements are
arranged in some form of an array, fixed or electronically controlled. Antenna can be divided into
four types and operated at different frequencies based on their structure and configurations. There
are resonant antenna, broadband antenna, aperture antenna and electrically small antenna.
2.2.1. Resonant antenna
The antenna of this type is usually used because its structure is simple and has good input
impedance for application at frequency that has narrow bandwidth. Its input impedance is real and
this antenna also has a low gain. An example of resonant antenna such as in figure 2.1 is half wave
dipole and figure 2.2 is Yagi-Uda with 3 element [9].
Figure 2.1: Half wave dipole Figure 2.2: Yagi-Uda with 3 elements
2.2.2. Broadband antenna
These antennas show characteristics at an active area. Wave propagation is coming from a
feed point then which will propagate to an active area to produce broadband characteristic. It also
has low gain and real input impedance [9]. An example of broadband antennas such as figure 2.3
is spiral antenna and figure 2.4 is log periodic antenna.
22
Figure 2.3: Spiral antenna Figure2.4: Log-periodic antenna
2.2.3. Aperture antenna
Antenna of this type has an open physical structure that allows the wave to pass through it.
This antenna has a high gain that is proportional to the frequency of operation. Aperture size of
this antenna depends of the wavelength and its effective aperture increase as the wavelength
becomes shorter [9]. The main radiation pattern is narrow and has a high gain. An example of
aperture antenna such as figure 2.5 (a) is pyramidal horn antenna and figure 2.5 (b) is conical horn
antenna.
Figure 2.5: Aperture antennas
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2.2.4. Electrically small antenna
This antenna has electrically length much smaller compared to the wavelength λ (L<< λ).
Besides, it also has a simple structure and fabrication is insensitive to specific shape. Monopole
antenna which is implemented on car is a best example of this antenna. The length of this antenna
is around 0.003λ and has an omnidirectional radiation pattern. The disadvantages of this antenna
are low resistance and high reactance at the input [9]. An example of electrically small antenna
such as figure 2.6 is short dipole antenna and figure 2.7 is small loop antenna.
Figure 2.6: Short dipole Figure 2.7: Small loop antenna
2.3. Antenna characteristics
Having considered the basic elementary antenna types, some important characteristics of
an antenna as a radiator of electromagnetic energy are discussed. These characteristics include
return loss, radiation pattern, bandwidth, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), beam width,
directivity, gain and also impedance matching.
2.3.1. Return loss
24
The return loss is another way of expressing mismatch. It is a logarithmic ratio measured
in dB that compares the power reflected by the antenna to the power that is fed into the
antenna from the transmission line.
The relationship between SWR and return loss is the following:
𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠(𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐵) = 20 log10
𝑆𝑊𝑅
𝑆𝑊𝑅 − 1
A very good antenna might have a value of -10 dB (90% absorbed and 10%reflected) [9].
2.3.2. Radiation Pattern
An antenna radiation pattern or antenna pattern is defined as a mathematical function or a
graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space
coordinates. In most cases, the radiation pattern is determined in the far field region and is
represented as a function of the directional coordinates. Radiation properties include power flux
density, radiation intensity, field strength, directivity, phase or polarization. The radiation property
of most concern is the two or three-dimensional spatial distribution of radiated energy as a function
of the observer’s position along a path or surface of constant radius. Often the field and power
patterns are normalized with respect to their maximum value, yielding normalized field and power
patterns. Also, the power pattern is usually plotted on a logarithmic scale or more commonly in
decibels (dB). This scale is usually desirable because a logarithmic scale can accentuate in more
details those parts of the pattern that have very low values, which later we will refer to as minor
lobes [10].
2.3.3. Bandwidth
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