designing a virtual infrastructure architecture
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© 2015 VMware Inc. All rights reserved.
Designing a VirtualInfrastructure ArchitectureVMware vSphere 5 and VMware vSphere 6
Brian Watrous
Senior Technical Trainer
VCP, VCI, VCAP-DCA
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Agenda
• Identifying requirements, constraints, and assumptions• Producing design deliverables
• Identifying major architectural components
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Goals of this Webinar
• Cover portions of vSphere Design Workshop – For more information, go to http://vmware.com/education
• Examine topics and issues covered by the VCAP5-DCD certification
– For more information, go to http://vmware.com/certification
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General Concepts invSphere Design
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General Design Guidelines
• Consider single points of failure.• Develop an infrastructure that is scalable.
• Develop an infrastructure that supports maintenance activity.
• Develop standards that are simple and understandable.
• Address security.
• Consider the cost to implement and maintain the infrastructure.
• Balance the organization’s needs with technical best practices.
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Design Trade-Offs
Designing is a balancing act between:• Technical best practices
• The organization’s goals, requirements, and constraints
• Because it is a balancing act, designing might involve trade-offs.
• Every design choice has design implications that must be weighed.
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Design Decisions and Implications Example
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• Design choices haveimplications.
• For example, should thedesign use four hostswith 8-CPU cores and16GB of RAM, or twohosts with 16-CPUcores and 32GB of RAMin a single clusterenabled for VMwarevSphere® High
Availability and VMwarevSphere® DistributedResource Scheduler™
(DRS)?
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Design Approach
A sound design approach includes:• Using a thorough design methodology
• Conducting interviews with the organization’s key stakeholders andsubject matter experts (SMEs)
• Discussing design alternatives with an emphasis on their effects on:
• Thoroughly documenting the design
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– Performance
– Availability
– Scalability
– Manageability
– Security
– Cost
– Compliance
– Risks
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Design Sessions
This step is where design decisions are made:• Interviews, whiteboard sessions
• The design should consider both the organization’s goals,requirements, and constraints and guiding principles.
• To provide a solution that works, the key stakeholders and SMEs areinvolved early and often in the design sessions.
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Identifying Requirements,Constraints, and Assumptions
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Requirements, Constraints, and Assumptions
Examples:• What are the business objectives and
requirements? Are there regulatory complianceissues?
• What is the project schedule?
• What skills and training are required?
• How do budget constraints affect the design?
• Are remote offices involved?
• What organizational policies affect the design?
• What are the security requirements?
• What political factors might affect the design?
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Requirements, Constraints, and Assumptions
• Requirements – Identify and list the key business and technicalrequirements that must be achieved in the project.
– Example: The organization must comply with Sarbanes-Oxley regulations.
– Example: The underlying infrastructure for any service defined as strategicmust support a minimum of four 9s of uptime (99.99 percent).
• Assumptions – Assumptions are design components that are assumedto be valid without proof.
– Example: The datacenter uses shared (core) networking hardware acrossproduction and nonproduction infrastructures.
– Example: The organization has sufficient network bandwidth between sitesto facilitate replication.
– Example: Security policies dictate server hardware separation betweenDMZ servers and internal servers.
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Requirements, Constraints, and Assumptions
• Constraints – Identify and list the design constraints. – Constraints limit the design choices.
– Example: Due to a preexisting vendor relationship, host hardware hasalready been selected.
• Risks – Identify any risks that might prevent achieving the project
goals. – Example: The organization's main datacenter contains only a single core
router, which is a single point of failure.
– Example: The lack of executive sponsorship places at risk the goal ofvirtualizing 75 percent of the datacenter by the end of 2015.
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Producing DesignDeliverables
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Design Deliverables
• The number and type of design documents vary by project.• The number and type of documents delivered are affected by:
– The cost of the project
– The length of the project
– The level of detail requested by the organization
– Whether the design is product-oriented or solution-oriented:
• Solution-oriented designs typically require more custom documentation.
• Product-oriented designs might include a larger proportion of references toinstructions in online documentation.
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Design Deliverables
• Capacity-analysis report: – This report might contain financial total cost of ownership and return on
investment information.
• A design document:
– The blueprint for the actual design
– Include conceptual, logical, and physical design information. – Discusses all design aspects, including:
• Physical host design
• vCenter Server design
• Cluster design
• Network design• Storage design
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• Security design
• Infrastructure monitoring
• Patch management
• Backup and restore
• Other VMware products
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Design Deliverables
• A design verification document: – Includes procedures to test whether the implemented design successfully
addresses the organization’s goals, requirements, and constraints
• Includes procedures to test such design aspects as:
– Management console network redundancy
– VLAN configuration – DRS functionality
– vSphere Fault Tolerance failover
– vSphere High Availability functionality
– Storage redundancy
– Virtual machine restore after host failure
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Identifying MajorArchitectural Components
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Major Architectural Components
The following are major architectural components of a VMware vSphereinfrastructure:
• Storage Infrastructure
• Network Infrastructure
• vCenter Server
• SSO Server
• Clustering Technologies
– vSphere HA
– DRS – Distributed Resource Scheduler
– EVC – Enhanced vMotion Compatibility
– DPM – Distributed Power Management
– VSAN – Virtual SAN
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vCenter Server
• Several topics must be considered:
– Platform:
• Windows-based vCenter Server system or Linux-based vCenter Server Appliance
– Machine type:
• Physical machine or virtual machine
– Hardware requirements
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vCenter Server
• VMware vCenter Server system (Windows):
– Proven technology
– Runs on supported 64-bit Windows operating systems
– Used for small to enterprise-wide environments
– Supports remote databases: SQL Server, Oracle, IBM DB2
• VMware vCenter ™ Server Appliance™(Linux):
– Built on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11
– Supports one remote database: Oracle
– Internal Postgres SQL database
–Does not support Linked Mode
– Deploys in vSphere 5.5 as hardware version 7 which supports 8 vCPUs
• Can be upgraded to hardware version 9 which supports 64 vCPUs
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VMware vCenter SSO Server
• VMware vCenter ™ Single Sign-On™ provides centralizedauthentication services to vCenter Server, as well as other VMwaretechnologies designed to integrate or coexist with vCenter Server.
• Authenticate directly with multiple Active Directory forests anddomains.
• Authenticate with OpenLDAP directory services.• Supports multiple forest, one-way, and two-way trusts.
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vSphere HA
• The need for vSphere HA is determined in the key stakeholder andSME interviews.
– Are there workloads in the infrastructure that would benefit from or requirehigher availability?
– Most environments benefit from vSphere HA.
• If vSphere HA is required, you must be careful to design sharednetworks and storage to support vSphere HA operation.
– For example, distributed virtual switches simplify the configuration of sharednetworks (but require an Enterprise Plus license).
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Scale Up or Scale Out?
• A scale-up cluster has fewer, larger hosts.
• A scale-out cluster has more, smaller hosts.
• Evaluate the capital costs of purchasing fewer, larger hosts comparedto purchasing more, smaller hosts.
– Costs vary between vendors and models.
• Evaluate the operational costs of managing a few hosts compared tomore hosts.
• Consider the purpose of the cluster. Examples:
– A virtualized server cluster typically has more hosts with fewer virtualmachines per host.
– A VMware View™ cluster typically has fewer hosts with more virtualmachines per host.
• Consider the total number of hosts and cluster limits.
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Scale-Up Clusters
• Advantages of a scale-up cluster:
– Managing fewer hosts is easier, which reduces costs.
• Disadvantages of a scale-up cluster:
– A host failure affects more virtual machines.
– A vSphere HA failover takes longer.
– Depending on the failover policy, more resources are reserved for failover,reducing the amount of resources available for day-to-day operations.
• This scenario is more serious for the Host Failures Cluster Tolerates and SpecifyFailover Hosts policies than for the adjustable Percentage of Cluster ResourcesReserved policy.
– You must be more careful to stay within the vSphere HA cluster Virtual
Machines per Host maximum.
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Scale-Out Clusters
• Advantages of a scale-out cluster:
– A host failure affects fewer virtual machines.
– A vSphere HA failover takes less time.
– Fewer resources are reserved for failover, increasing the amount ofresources available for day-to-day operations.
– You will have to be less concerned about staying within the vSphere HAcluster Virtual Machines per Host maximum.
– If DRS is enabled, more hosts offer greater migration choices and moreopportunities to achieve a better workload balance.
• Disadvantages of a scale-out cluster:
– Smaller hosts might affect the maximum size of a virtual machine. – More datacenter space is required.
– Managing more hosts is more difficult, which increases costs.
– Power and cooling costs are usually higher.
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Admission Control
Always configure strict admission control to protect the workload.
– This reserves resources that cannot be used under normal circumstancesand increases hardware costs but protects critical business services.
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Admission Control Policy
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vSphere HA Heartbeat Redundancy
• Always configure heartbeat redundancy or explain the risks to the keystakeholders and SMEs.
– The risk is that failure for hosts to receive heartbeats might trigger aclusterwide isolation response.
• Ways to create heartbeat redundancy:
– Use reliable storage for your heartbeat datastores. – Create management network redundancy.
• Use NIC teaming on a single management network.
• Use a second management network.
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Heartbeat Datastores
• vCenter Server selects a preferred set of heartbeat datastores.
• vCenter Server uses certain guidelines for choosing the preferred setof heartbeat datastores:
– Choose a datastore that is accessible by the maximum number of hosts.
– Prefer VMware vSphere® VMFS datastores over NFS datastores.
– Prefer datastores that are backed by different storage arrays.
• vSphere HA uses about 3MB of disk space on each heartbeatdatastore.
• The vSphere HA use of the datastores adds negligible overhead andhas no performance effect on other datastore operations.
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Network Redundancy: NIC Teaming
• You can also create a networkinterface card (NIC) team forvSphere HA management networkredundancy.
• Each NIC in the team should beconnected to a separate physical
switch. – A NIC team helps prevent a switch
failure from initiating a vSphere HAisolation response.
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Network Redundancy: Second ManagementNetwork
• Create a second VMkernel port forESXi, which is attached to aseparate virtual switch or port group.
– All management network interfacesare used to send heartbeats.
• Configure the virtual switches onseparate physical switches:
– Eliminates a single point of failure
• Use the das.isolationaddressparameter to add an isolationaddress to each additional
management network:
– Eliminates the isolation address as asingle point of failure
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Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS)
In general, DRS should always be enabled – The automated workload balancing performed by
DRS always benefits overall infrastructureperformance, scalability, and manageability.
– An exception to this is if the organization are runningapplications that scale and balance at theapplication level.
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DRS Cluster Design
• vMotion migration requirements must be met by allhosts in the DRS cluster.
• Enable Enhanced vMotion Compatibility (EVC).
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DRS Cluster Design
• Configure DRS for full automation, using the defaultmigration threshold:
– Reduces daily monitoring and managementrequirements
– Provides sufficient balance without excessivemigration activity
• DRS load balancing benefits from having a largernumber of hosts in the cluster (scale-out cluster)
rather than a smaller number of hosts.
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DRS Cluster Design
• DRS affinity and anti-affinity rules should be theexception rather than the norm.
– Configuring many affinity and anti-affinity rules limitsmigration choices and could collectively have a negativeeffect on workload balance.
• An affinity rule is beneficial in the followingsituations:
– Virtual machines on the same network share significant
network traffic. – Applications can share a large memory working set size.
• Use anti-affinity rules to increase availability forservice workloads as appropriate.
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Deploying Multiple Clusters
Many reasons to deploy multiple clusters exist:• A single cluster might exceed a vSphere limit:
– Virtual machines per host limit (in a vSphere HA cluster)
– Hosts per cluster limit
– Hosts per LUN limit
• Both server and user desktop virtual machines arebeing deployed.
– Each type of virtualization follows different cluster designprinciples. A user desktop solution typically has fewerhosts but more virtual machines per host.
– Place the virtualized servers in one cluster and the userdesktops in another.
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Additional Clustering Technologies
DPM – Distributed Power ManagementVSAN – Virtual SAN
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Recommended Next Steps
• Sneak Peek:
• On Demand Classroom for vSphere: Optimize and Scale
• Classroom Course:• VMware vSphere: Design Workshop
• Talk to a Learning Specialist if you have questions!
– 1-877-735-1355
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Next FREE Webinar – Save the Date!
• “Troubleshooting Strategies for vSphere 6” The webinar will discuss best practices and troubleshooting strategies forthe vSphere 6 environment.
• Date: April 15, 2015
Instructor: Jamie Rawson
Registration details will be in your follow-up email
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VMware Online Resources
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VMware Online Resources
• Test drive VMware products, no installation required, with VMwareHosted Evaluations
www.vmware.com/go/TryNow
• Keep up with the latest VMware activity
http://blogs.vmware.com/smb
http://blogs.vmware.com/education
• VMware Communities:
http://communities.vmware.com
• Improve troubleshooting with VMware Knowledge Base:
http://kb.vmware.com
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Thank You
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