design of parking facilities. location type of operations surface car parks parking garage /...

Design of Parking FacilitiesDesign of Parking Facilities

Design of Parking FacilitiesDesign of Parking Facilities

Location Type of Operations Surface Car Parks Parking Garage /

Underground Access Layout Pedestrian Bus / Truck Terminal Other Consideration

Location of Parking FacilitiesLocation of Parking Facilities

experience has shown that an improperly located lot or garage is likely to fail or have limited used, even if located only e few blocks away from the center of parking demand,

preferably, parkings lot and garages should be located on or near major arterials;

Type of OperationsType of Operations

• Self Parking, each car is driven only by the parker and the car can be locked when left, delays in retrieving parked vehicles are minimised, and insurance costs are lower for the car park operator

• Attendant Parking, car is driven by car park operator

Valet ParkingValet Parking

Surface Car ParksSurface Car Parks

• On-Street Parking• Off-Street Parking

– Parking Lot / Park & Ride / Kiss & Ride– Parking Garage/Underground

On-Street ParkingOn-Street Parking

Park & Ride FacilitiesPark & Ride Facilities

Park & Ride FacilitiesPark & Ride Facilities

• The park-and-ride interchange must be serviced by a public transport system that offer reliable and frequent services in both the inward (to the central area) and outward directions,

• The onward public transport mode must provide a reliable fast service from the interchange into the central area,

• The parking fee at the interchange plus the two-way public transport fare should be less than the perceived cost of traveling to the central area by car and parking there,

• Ample parking space must be provided at the interchange to ensure that parking is easily obtained at all times,

• The park-and-ride interchange must be properly located,

• The car park must be well designed and supervised,

• Ample and continuing publicity must be given to the park-and-ride scheme

Park & Ride FacilitiesPark & Ride Facilities

Parking Garage / UndergroundParking Garage / Underground

• Structurally, multi-storey facilities can also be divided according to whether they are long- or short-span construction,

• the main disadvantage of a long-span facility is its higher cost

Parking Garage / UndergroundParking Garage / Underground

• Operationally, long-span construction is preferable because:– it is more adaptable to future changes in car design,– it allows more parking stalls per floor area,– there are fewer columns, so that parking/unparking

takes places more quickly with less damage to cars,

– visibility is improved for both drivers and pedestrians, and

– drivers prefer column-free parking

Parking EntranceParking Entrance

Entrance & Exit of Parking GarageEntrance & Exit of Parking Garage

Parking GarageParking Garage

Parking GarageParking Garage

Parking GarageParking Garage

Parking GarageParking Garage

Parking GarageParking Garage

Parking Garage / UndergroundParking Garage / Underground

• Major contributors to extra expense associated with underground car parks include the high costs of:– extensive excavation (magnified if rock is

encountered),– the relocation of public utilities,– concrete retaining walls on all sides,– the installation of ongoing dewatering

systems,

Parking Garage / UndergroundParking Garage / Underground

– the need for a major road load-bearing and waterproof ‘roof’ slab,

– artificial lighting (to near daylight quality),– artificial ventilation (to remove dangerous

exhaust fumes, and add air for circulation),– special fire-fighting provisions,

Parking EntranceParking Entrance

AccessAccess

• Distance from near intersection,• Entrance on one-way streets should be

upstream of exit,• Capacity of an entrance is determined by the

angle of entry, the type of control used, and the freedom of internal circulation,

AccessAccess

• Typical access control operation:– Pay-on-entry/free-exit operation, – Free-entry/pay-on-exit operation, – Free-entry/pay-before-exit operation– Pay and display

• Garages should have access to two or more streets

ParkingMeterParkingMeter

ParkingMeterParkingMeter

LayoutLayout

• The best parking layout for a given site, usually determined by a process of trial, will depend primarily on these characteristics :– the size and shape of the available area,– type of facility (attendant, self-park, etc.),– type of parker (especially long-term versus

short-term),– type of operation (pull-in, back-in, one-way,

two-way, etc.)

LayoutLayout

• Parking stalls oriented at angles of 45 to 75o to the aisles are often used with one-way circulation. Where such an arrangement is used to serve a building along the end of a parking lot, driver must circulate at least once next to the building during entry or exit, causing more vehicle-pedestrian conflict than the two-way 90o arrangement.

LayoutLayout

• Extra-wide stalls are desirable for shoppers with packages at convenience grocery stores or in locations adjacent to walls or pillars, whereas narrow ones may be acceptable for commuters to industrial or office developments located on high-cost land or in attendant-parking facilities,

Shopping ParkingShopping Parking

LayoutLayout

• Wider stalls are used for physically handicapped motorists; 3.6 m is the preferred minimum width oh wheelchair users,

• The number of wide stalls provided for the handicapped is most usually between 1 and 3 percent of the total number of car park spaces, except at car parks frequented by people with disabilities, e.g. at hospitals, when a greater proportion (says 3-4 percent) may be required

Parking Space for Disable PeopleParking Space for Disable People

LayoutLayout

• The most common and preferred layout pattern is the bumper-to-bumper interlocked configuration,

• The herringbone or nested interlock pattern is sometimes used with 45o parking, in that configuration, the bumper of one car faces the fender of another car, necessitating the installation of wheel stops and increasing the probability of vehicular damage,

L

x x

B

A

C D

F

E

G H

I

K

J

X = Stall not accessible in certain layouts

1 2 3 1 2 3Stall width, parallel to aisle A 3.9 3.5 3.3 2.8 2.5 2.3Stall length of line B 7.7 6.6 6.4 5.7 4.9 4.6Stall length of line C 5.4 4.7 4.5 5.7 4.9 4.6Aisle width between stall line D 3.7 3.7 3.1 8.0 6.8 6.1Stall depth interlock E 4.7 4.1 4.0 5.7 4.9 4.6Module, wall to interlock F 13.7 12.4 11.4 19.3 16.5 15.3Module, Interlocking G 13.0 11.8 10.9 19.3 16.5 15.3Module, Interlock to curb face H 13.1 11.8 10.8 18.5 15.7 14.5Bumper overhang (typical) I 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8Offset J 2.0 1.7 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0Setback K 3.4 2.9 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0Cross aisle, one-way L 4.3 3.7 3.7 4.3 3.7 3.7Cross aisle, two-way L 7.4 6.8 6.1 7.4 6.8 6.11 = standard stalls width = 2,74m2 = Intermediate stalls width = 2,44m3 = compact stalls width = 2,29m

Dimension (m)90o45oOn

Diagram

W A

M N

PedestrianPedestrian

• Maximum walking distance a parker will tolerate depends on trip purpose, city size, and cost of parking,

• Tolerance of longer walking distance also correlates with parking duration.

• Long-term parkers such as workers and those attending sporting and other special events may be willing to walk a maximum of 600 m,

PedestrianPedestrian

• At airports, where travelers are carrying baggage, maximum walking distances from the parking space to the curb front generally should not exceed 300 m,

• Parking for short-term parkers such as at convenience stores, banks, and fast food establishments should be located within about 30 m of the building entrance,

• Current American experience is that this walking distance should not exceed 90 to 180 m,

PedestrianPedestrian

• In general terms, the smaller the city and the higher the parking cost, the less distance a parker is willing to work

• Recommended maximum walking distance without a rest by impairment group varies between 50 to 150 m.

PedestrianPedestrian

• pedestrian walkways should be well lighted,• suitably marked,• and free of blind corners,• pedestrian conflicts with vehicular traffic should be

avoided,• most pedestrians prefer overhead bridges to

tunnels,• if space permits, it is desirable to provide

pedestrian sidewalks between adjacent lines of parking cars

Other ConsiderationOther Consideration

• Coding• Lighting• Carpark Product

Sign / CodingSign / Coding

Carpark ProductsCarpark Products

Carpark ProductsCarpark Products