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Delaware River Basin Commission

A Decade of Monitoring Emerging

Contaminants in the Delaware River

Ron MacGillivray, Ph.D.Senior Environmental

Toxicologist

March 13, 2017 1

Why was the DRBC created in 1961?

Water supply shortages and disputes over the apportionment of the basin’s waters;

Severe pollution in the Delaware River and its major tributaries;

Serious flooding

The 1937 Philadelphia Record editorial page cartoon depicts the time when the tidal Delaware was an open sewer, where pollution in some stretches robbed the river of all its oxygen needed to support fish and other aquatic life.

Five Equal Members:DelawareNew JerseyPennsylvaniaNew YorkFederal Government

Current Water Quality ConcernsWhy are Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products

(PPCP) of concern?

3

∗ Biological effects (diclofenac, triclocarban)

∗ Resistant to degradation (carbamazapine)

∗ Widespread and increasing use (ibuprofen, metformin)

∗ Wastewater treatment plants are not designed to remove (trimethoprim, erythromycin)

∗ Effects on aquatic life (hormone EE2)

Delaware River Basin

4

PPCP surveys 2007, 2008, 2009

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

50 68 80 88 105 131

mea

n ng

/L

river mile

Fifteen Priority PPCP in Tidal Delaware River

Codeine

Metformin

Thiabendazole

2-Hydroxy-ibuprofen

Triclocarban

Fluoxetine

Dehydronifedipine

Acetaminophen

Clarithromycin

Lincomycin

Ibuprofen

Gemfibrozil

Sulfamethoxazole

Erythromycin-H2O

Carbamazepine

metformin

codeine

mouth of bay head of tide

> RM 95 = Source Water

5

Why are Perfluoroalkyl and PolyfluoroalkylSubstances (PFAS) of Concern?

6

∗ Properties∗ Uses∗ Sources∗ Stewardship∗ Alternatives

∗ Discharges∗ Persistence∗ Toxicity∗ Bioaccumulation∗ Sinks

7

Surface Water SamplesSix tidal sites in 2007, 2008, 2009Fifteen tidal sites in 2015Four non-tidal sites in 2016

PFAS Sites

1

10

100

1,000

RM 6 26 50 68 71 75 80 85 88 95 105 131

PFBA C4 PFPeA C5PFHxA C6 PFHpA C7PFOA C8 PFNA C9PFUnA C11 PFOS C8S

2015

flow

C5 C6PFOSPFOA

1

10

100

1,000

*

Drinking Water Source> RM95

PFAS (ng/L) decreases in surface water vary by compound

2007C9

1

10

100

1,000

RM 6 26 50 68 71 75 80 85 90 95 105 131

*

2007tidal

1

10

100

1,000

RM 6 26 50 68 71 75 80 85 88 95 105 131 149 183 246 289

PFBA C4PFPeA C5PFHxA C6PFHpA C7PFOA C8PFNA C9PFUnA C11PFOS C8S

Drinking Water Source > RM95

2015 -2016tidal and non-tidal

PFNA

Fish Sampling Locations

2004 - 2015

Non-Tidal LocationsNarrowsburg, NY RM 290 Milford, PA RM 246Easton, PA RM 183Lambertville, NJ RM 149

Tidal LocationsCrosswicks Creek RM 128Tacony-Palymra Br. RM 107Woodbury Creek RM 91Raccoon Creek RM 80Salem River RM 58

Non-Tidal

Tidal

0

10

20

30

40

50

PFOSA PFOS PFDoA PFUnA PFDA PFNA

White Perch (tidal)Channel Catfish (tidal)Smallmouth Bass (non-tidal)White Sucker (non-tidal)

2004

RM 58 & RM 149

0

10

20

30

40

50

PFOSA PFOS PFDoA PFUnA PFDA PFNA

2015

Why are Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE) Flame Retardants of Concern?

13

∗ Used in consumer products such as television casings and polyurethane foam inside furniture cushions.

∗ Indoor dust is believed to be the primary source of human exposure (~ 90%) but dietary exposure is also a concern

∗ PBDEs are characterized as persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic compounds.

∗ High PBDE levels in serum alter steroid hormones levels and thyroid function, motor and cognitive deficits in children

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE) Flame Retardants

14

Lipid normalized tissue concentrations of BDE 209 in catfish and perch by year sampled

∗ Current assessment and regulatory approaches are inadequate for many compounds detected in waters and biota.

∗ Some CEC may require regulation under the SDWA and CWA.

∗ Are replacement alternatives safer?

∗ Additional ecotoxicology information is needed for assessment of aquatic life and wildlife protection.

15

Summation

Delaware River Basin Commission

Thank you!

Ron MacGillivray, Ph.D.Senior Environmental Toxicologist

ron.macgillivray@drbc.nj.gov

16

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