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Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Deep InjectionDeep Injectionfor Waste Disposal and for Waste Disposal and Biosolids Treatment Biosolids Treatment
Maurice B. Dusseault – U of WaterlooSatyendra Narayan – Sheridan
Institute
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Presentation SummaryPresentation Summary
Deep Injection of Solid Wastes Municipal biosolids treatment
Developed countries Rapidly growing countries (China, India…)
Deep Biosolids Injection Environmental advantages Cost advantages Reduction of all types of risk
What are suitable geological conditions? Why DBI in developing countries? Closure
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
What is a Solid Waste?What is a Solid Waste?
Standard municipal waste Biosolids (animal, human, vegetable) Industrial residuals
Fly ash, desulphurization sludges… Oilfield solid wastes, pipe scale…
Wastes from mineral processing Uranium tailings, S-rich waste… Red muds and pond sludges…
Contaminated soil (e.g. high Pb, Cd…) Solid radioactive wastes
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Industrial, Mineral WastesIndustrial, Mineral Wastes
Fly ash, silica fume (beneficial use?) Mineral processing residues and
waste Red muds from Al processing Iron ore tailings, lead-zinc tailings, Au…
Slimes from chemical leaching NORMS, even radwastes Chemical process wastes
Pharmaceutical and plastics wastes Oil industry wastes
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Waste pits in Indonesia
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Wastes or Resources?Wastes or Resources?
Some wastes have beneficial uses CH4 from biosolids Secondary mineral extraction
However, beneficial use may come at too high a cost, with additional environmental risks, at too small a scale, or too slowly
Then permanent treatment or disposal is necessary in many cases
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Example: Fly AshExample: Fly Ash
Utilization options… Bricks, low-grade cement Road base improvement (soil additive) Other beneficial uses…
However, if volumes are too large, some disposal becomes necessary Permanent tailings ponds Refilling the coal mine Large dry stockpiles (landfills) Deep injection as a slurry
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Permanent Disposal OptionsPermanent Disposal Options
permanentwarehousing
landfills,quarries
old or new mines
saltcaverns
ocean dumping
deep slurry
injection
Geological Disposal of Solid Wastes
not to scale
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Different Waste LevelsDifferent Waste Levels
Non-toxic, inert (e.g. FGD sludges) No environmental risks (e.g.
groundwater) Land use issues and transportation costs
Non-toxic but leachable (e.g. fly ash) Groundwater impairment from leachates Land use issues (ponds, landfills…)
Hazardous wastes (e.g. Pb, As-rich) Long-term surface disposal unacceptable Chemical methods (extraction, reaction) Deep geological disposal
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Environmental Risk and CostEnvironmental Risk and Cost
Landfills, surface storage of wastes are high-risk solutions for wastes (liability)
Long-distance transport = risks and $$ Most chemical or high-temperature
methods are very costly (>$100/tonne)
Many processes create other waste streams
Geological entombment can give high security, minimize risk, at low $
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Deep Solids InjectionDeep Solids Injection
Wastes are available as a particulate mass or as an existing slurry
The wastes are slurried and screened to avoid particles >5 mm
High pressure pumps inject the slurry Continuous hydraulic fracturing at
depth take place The overburden weight permanently
entombs the wastes as a solid mass
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Oilfield WastesOilfield Wastes
Heavy Oil Treatment Site in Alberta-Tank bottoms (oil + minerals + H2O)-Stable emulsions-Some fine-grained sand
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Cleaning Sludge from TanksCleaning Sludge from Tanks
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Tank Bottom SludgesTank Bottom Sludges
50% H2O30% oil20% minerals
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
30 m30 m33 Vacuum Truck Vacuum Truck
Deep Waste Injection
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Oily Sand WastesOily Sand Wastes
Deep Waste Injection
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Sand Stockpile for DisposalSand Stockpile for Disposal
Deep Waste Injection
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Solid and Liquid Co-Disposal Solid and Liquid Co-Disposal
The solids must be slurried Waste aqueous streams can be used But, if hazardous liquids are
disposed, higher environmental security needed
Different streams can be combined… E.g.: radioactive waste combined with
50% fly ash and 40% shale chips This will permanently isolate the
radionuclides by setting and adsorption Biological and inert wastes as well
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
View of SFI SystemView of SFI System
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Oilfield Wastes - IndonesiaOilfield Wastes - Indonesia
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Solid Waste Injection SiteSolid Waste Injection Site
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Costing of Deep InjectionCosting of Deep Injection
Site choice, investigation, design Capital costs for siting
Injection equipment Drilled, cased wells (3-4 wells, ~500 m)
Operational costs Largely labor and engineering (reports,
monitoring of process, analysis…) Additional savings
Co-disposal of ~3 m3 waste water/tonne Co-disposal of other noxious wastes…
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Inert Waste Solid InjectionInert Waste Solid Injection
A permanent disposal method Suitable for all non-hazardous
wastes Wastes must be ground to -5 mm Large volumes for cost effectiveness Suitable geological conditions Slurry water available (waste water) Wells available or can be drilled For hazardous wastes, additional
precautions can easily be taken
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Can Deep Injection be Used Can Deep Injection be Used for Biological Solids?for Biological Solids?
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
The Reality in Some Places…The Reality in Some Places…
Municipal and animal biosolids treatment Poor or no treatment = contamination of
streams, land, groundwater, air Affects health conditions (dysentery, etc.)
Conventional treatment methods High capital costs for facilities CO2 released into the atmosphere Sludge disposal problems Some risks remain (heavy metals in soils,
H2O contamination, biotoxin escape…)
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Typical Current TechnologyTypical Current Technology
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
In Developed Countries…In Developed Countries…
Large infrastructure investments have been made Full sanitary sewage collection systems No mixing with storm waters No voidage to streams or lakes Centralized treatment of sewage Digested sludge is disposed by
controlled spreading on fields, derelict land…
Large biosolids volumes from feed lots and poultry farming…
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Some USA areas with biosolids concerns…
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Some Concerns…Some Concerns…
Municipal sludge (residues) has: High heavy metals content Biologically dangerous agents (e.g.
chlorinated hydrocarbon traces…) Viruses and prions that may not have
been rendered biologically inactive Also…
All C in sewage becomes CO2
Land usage must be carefully regulated Transport risks, and other risks…
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Developing Countries…Developing Countries…
India, China, etc. are developing rapidly: they need safe biosolids treatment
New treatment facilities are a large expense for many communities Extremely rapid urban growth since 1960 A sewage collection network may not exist
and retro-fitting is prohibitively costly Land spreading is no longer a viable method
of disposal for large urban centres Centralized treatment facilities to achieve
economies of scale are costly
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Developing Countries…Developing Countries…
Traditional approaches Collection of nightsoil and animal wastes,
spreading on local gardens and fields Surface runoff problems in monsoons E. Coli contamination (e.g. Walkerton,
ON, seven dead and 1200 infected in 2000)
Dysentery, other problems Open burning leads to smoke pollution Burning of manure leads to eye
problems, other health issues…
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Recent DevelopmentsRecent Developments
Biosolids digestors… Mainly for animal, vegetable wastes Generates CH4, sludge is spread on
fields Local technology, not for large cities
Energy generation… Organic matter (e.g. cane wastes) are
burned for power generation All C is converted into CO2
Composting (generally expensive) Other new technologies…
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Biosolids Management Biosolids Management NeedsNeeds
India: Large population, growing
Urbanization taking place very quickly
Development rate is growing (up to 10%)
Large water contamination and health problems
How does one handle the wastes?
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Chinese UrbanizationChinese Urbanization
Coastal city urbanization is a serious issue
Rivers are contaminated
Flooding Cities are under
great pressure But, geology is
generally good for DBI!
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Biosolids ManagementBiosolids Management
Must protect human health Must be environmentally “friendly” Must be done at reasonable cost Must be done beneficially (value
added when economically possible) Options for municipal wastes include
Current technology (ponds, spreading …)
Thermophilic digestion (bioengineering) Incineration, other thermal methods… Deep biosolids injection
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Deep Biosolids Injection Deep Biosolids Injection (DBI)(DBI)
A slurry of biosolids and waste water is injected into deep porous formations
A totally new method for treating bio-solids permanently, and with no sludge
It offers many environmental and energy advantages at low risk
Cheaper than conventional treatment Geological conditions are key!
Right geology Right hydrogeological conditions
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Deep Biosolids InjectionDeep Biosolids Injection
Inject biosolids into old O&G reservoirs
Metals, bacteria, viruses, are isolated
CO2 generation does not take place
Anaerobic decomposi-tion forms CH4
CH4 can be used Small footprint Solid C is
sequestered
Gas to Energy Biosolids InjectionFacility
Methane
BiosolidsInjection
MethaneProduction
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
DBI ProcedureDBI Procedure
Municipal, animal, other biosolids are pre-treated to remove pathogens if necessary
Biosolids + waste water = aqueous slurry This slurry is injected into a deep
sedimentary sandstone formation Biodegradation generates useful CH4
Some elemental carbon remains behind All toxic or noxious agents permanently
entombed, no liabilities, low risks
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
A DBI SystemA DBI System
Deep Waste Injection
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DBI Environmental DBI Environmental Advantages Advantages
Permanent waste storage with no long-term risks because of deep disposal
Permanent protection of surface and shallow water resources
Greenhouse gas reduction Reduction of CO2 & CH4 liberated Permanent C sequestration in solid form
Energy recycling (CH4 is recovered) Co-disposal of waste water Small surface footprint
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Advantages of DBIAdvantages of DBI
Temperature at depth speeds up the biodegradation reactions
Generated CO2 (15%) is preferentially dissolved into the brine, stays behind
CH4 separates and sits as a “bubble” on the surface of the brine
CH4 can be extracted & used beneficially
Based on known petroleum technology Many years of experience exist with
non-biological solid wastes
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Further DBI DetailsFurther DBI Details
Carbohydrates have ~30% surplus C, left behind as sequestered carbon
Other materials can be co-disposed… Cane wastes, other organic wastes Shavings, sawdust, etc Wood pulp liquors, other waste liquids Any other ground up solid (plastic, etc.)
No sludge ponds, no digesters used… Sealed DBI unit, no odor, no spray
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Animal Waste Beneficial UseAnimal Waste Beneficial Use
Animal waste should be used beneficially and economically wherever possible
But, in large-scale production… Nitrate and phosphate loading of soils Groundwater issues Risks to humans (transportation, etc.)
DBI is an option for areas where: Large volumes cannot be used beneficially DBI can be done on site or close by
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Geological Conditions for Geological Conditions for SitesSites
Deep, well below potable water sources Horizontal strata, good lateral extent Stratum must be thick & porous Permeability must meet standards Thick ductile overlying shales are good At least one overlying permeable bed Formation water briny, horizontal flow No exploitable resources involved
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Ideal DBI LithostratigraphyIdeal DBI Lithostratigraphy
surficial deposits
mudstone
silty shaleblanket sand ina thick shale
channel sands ina silty shalecontinuousblanket sandlimestone
limestone stringer
possible DBI well locations
300
0-10
,000
’
5-30 km
flat or gently inclined strata
not to scale
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Why a High-k Site?Why a High-k Site?
They have high porosity, therefore they have good storativity
Flow usually horizontal in high k zones High site means high compressibility High k means that there are no large
pressured zones generated Pressure leak-off is very rapid, solid
wastes are localized near well Much better than injection into a
shale!
Deep Waste Injection
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Current Phase of the Post-Glacial Fraser Delta (GSC Canada)
VANCOUVER AREA
10 km
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Vancouver Groundwater Vancouver Groundwater FlowFlow
deep slurry
injection
not to scale
Recharge area, high precipitation
Vancouver urban area
Discharge subseaSediment wedge, ~1200 mHigh porosity
sandstone
West East
shales
Deep Waste Injection
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Similar Conditions in IndiaSimilar Conditions in India
Many coastal cities sit on sedimentary wedges with subsea discharge
Chennai, Kolkata, Mangalore, Mumbai Calicut are some examples
In these cases, regional groundwater flow is down, out to the sea, with subsea discharge
The hydrogeological security in such cases is tremendous
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Environmental Risk and CostEnvironmental Risk and Cost
Landfills, surface spreading are high-risk solutions for sludges (liability)
Long-distance hauling = risks and $$ Chemical, high-T, composting methods
are costly (>$80/dry tonne) Some processes actually create new
waste streams DBI can give high security, eliminate
liability, lower costs in many cases
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Typical Costs, 600,000 Typical Costs, 600,000 peoplepeople
Capital Expenditures: Conventional treatment centre in India:
40 M$, maybe more, for a central facility DBI facility + dewatering and primary
treatment: ~10-15 M$ Operating Expenses:
Conventional treatment: 20-30$/ dry tonne of biosolids (New York is 125$/tonne)
DBI: 15-20$/dry tonne (Based on conventional treatments)
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
DBI Well CompletionDBI Well Completion
conventional high security
surface casing
perforated zone
injection casing
not to scale
impermeable,ductile shale
security casing
potable watersources
SFI stratum
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Injection of Oily SandInjection of Oily Sand
HopperScreen
Mix Tank
Pump
Hydraulic unit
Fuel
Control trailer
Oversize
Los Angeles Area, 1998
Deep Waste Injection
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A Brief HistoryA Brief History
Massive sand injection technology developed in Canada in 1992-1997
Biosolids disposal & CH4 generation + C sequestration concept in 1997
Vancouver, Canada, studies DBI carefully, declines (2000)
City of Los Angeles, 1999-2004 All permits obtained by fall of 2003 Construction permit soon, 2005
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CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Why Los Angeles??Why Los Angeles??
They have no space to spread sludge They lost a law suit in 2001 so they can
no longer use adjacent county land Their need is urgent The geological conditions are very good Many old oil fields, huge capacity United States Dept. of Energy and the
EPA are interested in energy recycling The costs are lower than current
ways…
Deep Waste Injection
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Los Angeles Treatment SitesLos Angeles Treatment Sites
Hyperion
TerminalIsland OCSD
Plant
Carson JWPC
Old oil fields
DBI site, 2005
startup
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CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Typical Injection ParametersTypical Injection Parameters
Slurry density 1.15-1.30 g/cm3
Injection rates 2-2.5 m3/min Injection period 6-10 hrs/well Operational hours 20 hours/day
(with 3 or 4 wells) Availability ~300 days/yr Slurry volumes ~2000 m3/day Yearly capacity >100,000 dry t Rating City of 500,000
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Duri Slops InjectionDuri Slops InjectionCPI Duri SFI Well 64AJun 26 - Jun 30, 2003
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Two-Well InjectionTwo-Well InjectionCPI Duri SFI Well 61A
Jun 30 - Jul 2, 2003
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Deep Waste Injection
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DBI in DBI in India?India?
Deep Waste Injection
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Why in India?Why in India?
Rapid development of cities leads to: Need for safe biosolids disposal High land costs, redevelopment
expenses Restrictions on land spreading
Cities beginning to implement high quality sewage treatment
The costs with DBI would be lower The risks are also lower The benefits seem substantial…
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Where in India? Where in India?
Where there are at least 500 m seds.
With suitable porous and permeable sands
Appropriate hydrogeological conditions
Suitable geographic and tectonic conditions
Etc…
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Where in India…?Where in India…?
Cities such as Raipur, Delhi, Bhopal, Ahmadabad, Kolkota, all sit on thick sediments (Ganges plain, sedimentary basins…)
Coastal cities such as Mumbai, Chennai, Calicut, Bhubaneswar sit on suitable wedges of sediments
Offshore sediments are also OK However, DBI may not be practical
everywhere…
Deep Waste Injection
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Except for areas where there are igneous rocks, or in the mountains, much of India seems suitable for DBI!
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
DBI AdvantagesDBI Advantages
Wastes permanently, deeply entombed Proper siting gives exceptionally high
environmental security (minimal risk) No chance of “repository” impairment or
surface H2O contamination Generated CH4 can be collected & used Less CO2 emitted & C is also sequestered Costs much less than current technology Very rapid to implement (6 months)
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Additional Advantages…Additional Advantages…
Land use requirements are moderate, compared to conventional
A DBI site can be used to co-dispose other waste materials Usually cheaper than other treatments Solids stay at depth, leachates also Hazardous leachates are absorbed by
clays in the sediments Contaminated water can be used to
formulate the slurry
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Geological Constraints?Geological Constraints?
Depending on volumes and waste nature, different geological conditions are OK
Highly fractured igneous or metamorphic rocks could accept smaller volumes
Non-hazardous wastes could be injected at much shallower depths (100-300 m)
For highly toxic wastes, one can add cement (fly ash!), shale chips, etc.
Surface water protection is the key!
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Closing CommentsClosing Comments
For developing countries, DBI seems to be an ideal technology to rapidly improve sewage treatment, at lower cost, and lower risk
Developed countries have huge investments in treatment sites, therefore they have already “paid for” sewage treatment
The geology over much of India and China seems ideal, or close to it…
Deep Waste Injection
CSIR-RRLBhopalMay 21
Acknowledgements…Acknowledgements…
Terralog Technologies Inc, Calgary and the City of Los Angeles
US – EPA for slowly going through the approval process
Dr R.N. Yadava and RRL - Bhopal Colleagues
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