december 6, 2010 beginning with van leeuwenhoek create a time line with the names of those...

December 6, 2010Beginning with van Leeuwenhoek Create a time line with the names of those instrumental in discoveries connected with the microscope and the cell theoryDescribe the cell theory.Notes on 7.1/ 7.2Problem Solving lab 7.1

NOTEBOOK Check on 6

1600 1700 1800A. Hooke – cork cellsB. Leeuwenhock – single lens, saw red blood cells and bacteriaC. Schleiden – plantsD. Schwann – animal cells

Cell Theory1. All organisms composed of 1 or more cells2. The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms3. All cells come from preexisting cells (cell divides to form 2 identical cells)

A B C D

Chapter 7 Cells

Muscle Cell

December 7, 2010Bola SpiderNo WebCatches with a spider silk thread with a sticky glob on the end (bola)Generates the same scent as the female moth to attract the male moth600% elasticSticky irreproducible adhesiveCatches up to 8 moths/nite

7.1 The Discovery of Cells

History of Cell TheoryCells basic units of living organisms

Compound Light Microscope

Series of LensesAdjustableUp to 1500x magnification

van Leeuwenhoek – 1 lens

Object set on top of screw and adjusted to bring into viewMade most discoveries

Robert Hooke – 1635-1703

Discovered and named the first CellFound in CorkNamed for monastery cells

Theodor Schwann – 1810-1882

GermanDiscovered animals made of cellsFather of cytologyDiscovered Schwann CellsDeveloped the Cell Theory

Matthias Jakob Schleiden1804-1881

Discovered all Plants made of CellsTogether with Schwann developed the Cell Theory

Cell Theory1. All organisms composed of 1 or more cells2. The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms3. All cells come from preexisting cells (cell divides to form 2 identical cells)

Eyepiece

Fine adjustmentArm

Stage

Condenser control knob

Base

Body tubeCoarse adjustment

Iris diaphragm

Revolving nosepiece

Objective

ClipCondenser

Mirror

Different Parts of the Microscope

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Electron Microscopes

1940’s – uses a beam of electrons instead of natural light to magnify structures up to 500,000x Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)

- scans surface of cells to learn 3D shape Transmission Electron Microscope

(TEM) - study the structures contained in the cell

Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) – uses flow of electrons to investigate atoms on the surface of the molecule

Electron Microscope

2 Basic Cell Types1. Prokaryotes – Cells that do not have an internal membrane bound structure – unicellular like bacteria2. Eukaryotes – cells containing membrane bound structures multicellular like algae, yeastOrganelles – small membrane bound structures allows various chemical reactions to occur simultaneouslyBrown, Virchov – decided main structure that was responsible for cell divisionNucleus – central membrane bound organelle that manages cellular functions

ProkaryotesNucleoid region contains the DNA

•Cell membrane & cell wall

• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm

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Eukaryotic Cell

Contain 3 basic cell structures:NucleusCell MembraneCytoplasm with organelles

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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells

December 7, 2010

Draw and Label a Prokaryote & Eukaryote Cell?? What is the function of the plasma membrane?Notes 7.2PS Lab 7.2

December 13, 2010Cell Function Worksheet – Due Wed?? For Plant and Animal Cell LabAnimal Cells – muscles, bone, cerebellum 1. Are these cells alive (once living)? 2. Describe the shape of each cell. 3. Is there a cell wall?

Elodea Cell – plant 1. Is the Elodea Cell alive (once living)? 2. Describe the color and shape of chloroplasts 3. Is a cell wall present?

7.2 Plasma Membrane -boundary between the cell and its environment

Homeostasis – process of maintaining the cells environment

Selective Permeability– Process by which the plasma membrane allows some molecules in to the cell while keeping others out (selective – H2O, Calcium, sodium, glucose)

Structure of Plasma Membrane

Phospholipids – lipids with a phosphate group attached to themPlasma membrane has a glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group

Fluid Mosaic model

Model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bi-layerPolar head outside attracts water but is selectively permeable

Other ComponentsCholesterol – helps stabilize the phospholipids, keeps them from sticking togetherTransport Proteins – proteins that along the plasma membrane creating a selectively permeable membrane that regulates which molecules enter and leave a cell

Fluid Mosaic Model

December 14, 2010?? Of the day:Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell or Plasma Membrane – make sure to draw a picture

Diffusion Pre-Lab with NotesI will collect grade for Microscope LabProgress Reports – please have signed and return for 10 pts

Cell Membrane

Diffusion Lab

Every cell is covered by a membrane that controls what can enter and leave the cell. The cell membrane or plasma membrane is selectively permeable. It allows some substances to enter and keeps some substances out. This is important for all life processes. A diagram of cell membrane structure is below.

Diffusion Lab (cont)The cell membrane is made up of lipids and proteins. Small non-polar molecules can go right through the membrane by osmosis but ions or larger molecules need assistance by either diffusion and/or by transport proteins.

7.3 Eukaryotic Cell 7.3 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Structure Contains Contains Organelles:Organelles:

Very small size

Can only be observed under a microscope

Have specific functions

Found throughout cytoplasm

Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells

Made of protein and phospholipids

Selectively permeable

Cell membrane

Plasma Membrane -Plasma Membrane -Surrounding the CellSurrounding the Cell

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Living layerControls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Selectively permeable

Cell membrane

Cell or Plasma Cell or Plasma MembraneMembrane

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Dead layerLarge empty spaces present between cellulose fibers

Freely permeableMade of cellulose which forms very thin fibers

Strong and rigidFound in plant cells

Plant Cell - Cell Plant Cell - Cell Wall Wall

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Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm)

Resist entry of excess water into the cell

Give shape to the cell

Cell wall

Plant CellPlant Cell

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Controls the normal activities of the cell

Bounded by a nuclear membrane

Contains chromosomes

Control Organelle-Nucleus

Nucleus

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Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes

Genes control cell characteristics

Nucleus

More on the More on the NucleusNucleus

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Nucleolus Cell may have Cell may have 1 1 to 3to 3 nucleoli nucleoli

Inside nucleusInside nucleus

DisappearsDisappears when when cell dividescell divides

Makes ribosomesMakes ribosomes that make that make proteinsproteins

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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane

Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell

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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum –assembly and transport of proteinsSmooth ER

lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell

Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Golgi Apparatus Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened sacssacs

Have a shipping Have a shipping side & a receiving side & a receiving sideside

Receive & Receive & modify modify proteinsproteins made by made by ERER

Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles with modified with modified proteins pinch off proteins pinch off the endsthe ends

Transport

vesicle

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LysosomeContain digestive Contain digestive enzymesenzymes

Break down food Break down food and worn out cell and worn out cell parts for cells parts for cells

Programmed for Programmed for cell death (lyse & cell death (lyse & release enzymes release enzymes to break down & to break down & recycle cell parts)recycle cell parts) http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Plants have a large central vacuole

Animals several smallvacuolesStorageContains cell sapSugars, proteins,

minerals, wastes, & pigments

Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesVacuole

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Contain the green pigment chlorophyll

Traps sunlight to make sugars (food)

Process called photosynthesis

Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles

Chloropla

st

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Rod shapeSite of Cellular respiration

Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse

Mitochondrion( mitochondria )

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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondriaBurn sugars to produce energy ATP

In Animal Cells:In Animal Cells:

Mitochondria

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Different kinds of Different kinds of plant cellsplant cells

Onion Epidermal Cells

Root Hair Cell

root hair

Guard Cells

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mitochondrion

nucleus

glycogen granule

cell membrane

cytoplasm Animal cellAnimal cell

No cell wall or chloroplastStores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy

vacuole

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Different kinds of Different kinds of animal cellsanimal cells

white blood cell

red blood cell

cheek cells

sperm

nerve cell

muscle cell

Amoeba

Parameciumhttp://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

Similarities between Similarities between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal cellscells

Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm

Both have a nucleus

Both contain mitochondria

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Differences between Differences between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal cellscells

Animal cells Plant cells

Relatively smaller in

sizeIrregular shape

No cell wall

Relatively larger in size

Regular shapeCell wall present

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Animal cells Plant cells

Vacuole small or absent

Glycogen as food storage

Nucleus at the center

Large central vacuole

Starch as food storage

Nucleus near cell wall

Differences between Plant Differences between Plant Cells and Animal CellsCells and Animal Cells

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Structure and SupportCytoskeleton –

Support structure,Rods and filaments Constantly changing

Microtubules –Thin hollow cylinders

Made of proteins

Microfilaments - Thin, solid protein fibers

Movement of the Cell

Flagella – long projections that propel the cell with whip like motionsCilia – hair like projections that wave

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Cell Analogy Model – 100 pts

Title/Communication:/10ptsCreativity/Originality/Neatness/10 ptsUse of Color and in 3D/10 ptsCommunication of ideas with Appropriate Analogies / 5 pts ea Total of 12/60 ptsTotal/100 pts