ddd rem rai2
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DEGENERATIVE DISC DISEASE
REM KUMAR RAIMS ORTHO RESIDENTNAMS
DEFINITION
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) has been used to describe a wide variety of morphologic and radiographic changes in the adult spine
DEFINITION: DISC DEGENERATION The North American Spine Society
Consensus Committee on Nomenclature :
Changes in a disc characterized by desiccation, fibrosis, or cleft formation in the nucleus; fissuring or mucinous degeneration of the annulus; defects and sclerosis of the endplates; and/or osteophytes at the vertebral apophysis.
DEFINITION: DDD
Degenerative disc disease: as a clinical syndrome
characterized by manifestations of disc degeneration and symptoms thought to be related to those changes
Intervertebral disc Total 23 Hydrostatic, load
bearing , shock absorbing structure between the vertebral bodies
Each disc unit has strong outer ring of
fibers called the annulus fibrosus
a soft , jelly like center called the nucleus pulposus
2 endplates (Campbell)
Intervertebral Disc Annulus Fibrosus
Outer portion of the disc
Lamellae Great tensile, torsional
& radial strength
Great tensile, torsional & radial strength
– Made up of lamellae fibrocartilage
Annulus Fibrosus
– Layers of collagen fibers Type I Arranged obliquely 30° Some radial fibers Thicker anteriorly >posteriolry Attached to end plates
– Layers of collagen fibers Type I Arranged obliquely 30° Some radial fibers Thicker anteriorly >posteriolry Attached to end plates
Intervertebral Disc
Nucleus Pulposus Nucleus Pulposus– Inner structure
– Notochord remnant– Type II collagen
+Gelatinous GAG,H2O– High water content (70-
90%)– Resists axial forces
– Inner structure– Notochord remnant– Type II collagen
+Gelatinous GAG,H2O– High water content (70-
90%)– Resists axial forces
Vertebral End-Plate
Cartilaginous & osseous component Nutritional support for the nucleus Passive diffusion
The intervertebral disc in the adult is avascular.
blood vessels in the annulus until the age of 20 years and within the cartilage endplates until the age of 7 years.
The cells within the disc are sustained by diffusion of nutrients into the disc through the porous central concavity of the vertebral endplate
The discs vary in size and shape with their position in the spine. Discs also decrease in volume, resulting in a 16% to 21% loss in disc height after 6 hours of standing or sitting.
Anatomical Segment
Components:Vertebral body Attached posterior elementsDisc belowExiting and traversing Nerve root
Anatomical House with windows
Window of opportunity to the disc space, interlaminar and intertransverse window
The FUNCTIONAL UNIT of the spine
Comprises of: 1.Two adjacent
vertebrae 2.Intervertebral disc 3.Connecting ligaments:
including the ligamentum flavum, interspinous, supraspinous, intertransverse ligament
4.Two facet joints and capsules
The FUNCTIONAL UNIT of the spine
Comprises of: 1.Two adjacent
vertebrae 2.Intervertebral disc 3.Connecting ligaments:
including the ligamentum flavum, interspinous, supraspinous, intertransverse ligament
4.Two facet joints and capsules
Spine Motion Segment
Natural History of Disc Disease
Kirkaldy-Willis divided DDD into three separate stages with relatively distinct findings. There is recurrent episodes of pain followed by periods of significant or complete relief
Dysfunction seen in those 15 to 45 years of age, characterized by circumferential and radial (micro )tears in the disc annulus and localized synovitis of the facet joints.
Instability found in 35- to 70-year-old patients, characterized by internal disruption of the disc, progressive disc resorption, degeneration of the facet joints with capsular laxity, subluxation, and joint erosion
Stabilization present in patients older than 60 years, the progressive development of hypertrophic bone about the disc and facet joints leads to segmental stiffening or frank ankylosis
Each spinal segment degenerates at a different rate
As one level is in the dysfunction stage, another may be entering the stabilization stage
Disc herniationcomplication of disc degeneration in the dysfunction and instability stages
Spinal stenosis from
degenerative arthritis complication of bony overgrowth compromising neural tissue in the late instability and early stabilization stages
Pathoanatomy & pathogenesis
Kirkaldy-Willis Three phases of Degenerative process
DYSFUNCTION
INSTABILITY
STABILIZATION
Mechanism of DYSFUNCTION
Episode of rotational or compressive trauma( uncoordinated muscle contraction)
Posterior joint strain( also annular strain)
SplintingPosterior joint Subluxationmaintained
Minor facet subluxation
Synovitis( pain)
Sustained segmental Hypertonicity of muscle
Ischemia ( pain)Altered muscle metabolism
Symptom sign & radiological changes in dysfunction
Symptom:- Low back pain Often localised axial Sometimes referred /radicular Movement painful
Sign:- Local tenderness Muscle contracted: PSM spasm Hypomobility Extension painful Neurologically usually normal
Radiograph:- Loss of physiological curvatures Spinous process malalignment Irregular facet Early disc changes
Mechanism of unstable phase
Severe dysfunction
Trauma Continuing stress
Increased dysfunction
facets disc
Degeneration of cartilage Coalescence of tears
Attenuation of capsuleLoss of nucleus, internal disruption
Laxity of capsuleBulging of annulus
Increased abnormal movement
Unstable phase
INSTABILITY Symptom:-
Those of dysfunction Giving away of back, “catch” in back( on
movement) Pain on coming to standing position after flexion
Sign:- Detection of abnormal movement( LOOK/FEEL) Observation of “catch” sway or shift when coming
erect after flexion Radiograph:-
AP:- Lateral shift Rotation Abnormal tilt Malaligned spinous process
OBLIQUE:- Opening facets
LATERAL:- Spondylolisthesis( in flexion) Retrolisthesis ( in extension) Narrowing foramen( in extension).Abnormal opening
of disc Abrupt change in pedicle height.Traction spurs
Mechanism of stabilization
Facets Disc
Destruction of cartilage Loss of nucleus
Fibrosis in joints Approximation of bodies
Enlargement of facets Destruction of plates
Locking facets Fibrosis in disc
Fibrosis arund joints osteophytes
Increased stiffness
stabilization
STABILIZATION Symptom:-
Low back pain of decreasing severity Sign:-
Muscle tenderness Stiffness Reduced movement Scoliosis
Radiograph:- Enlarged facet Loss of disc height Osteophytes Small foramen Reduced movement Scoliosis
Diagnostic Studies ROENTGENOGRAPHY 1. AP and Lateral 2. Oblique views:
useful in defining spondylolisthesis and spondylolysis
3. Lateral flexion and extension: X-ray may reveal segmental
instability 4. Ferguson view (20-
degree caudocephalic anteroposterior ): value in the diagnosis of the
"far out syndrome," that is, L5 compression produced by a large transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra against the ala of the sacrum
MYELOGRAPHY
Indicated if MRI is not available or for patient in whom MRI is contraindicated( cardiac pacemaker or brain aneurysm clip)
valuable in a previously operated spine and in patients with marked bony degenerative change that may be underestimated on MRI
improved by the use of postmyelography CT scanning
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
extremely useful diagnostic tool noninvasive, painless, outpatient procedure
can supply more information about spinal disease
Unfortunately, CT does not demonstrate intraspinal tumors or arachnoiditis and is unable to differentiate scar from recurrent disc herniation.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
newest technological advance in spinal imaging
The advantages :- ability to demonstrate
intraspinal tumors, examine the entire spine, and identify degenerative discs based on decreased H2O content
costly and requires specially constructed facilities.
Modic Change Type I Signal intensity on
low T1-weighted High T2-weighted
replacement of the end-plate marrow with vascular fibrous tissue in response to chronic “injury.”
Clinical: annular tear, fissure
MODIC CHANGE Type II signal intensity
high T1-weighted and on FSE T2-weighted
Low T2
represents replacement of the end-plate marrow with fatty tissue.
Chronic marrow disuse
Type II changes tend to remain stable with time.
Modic Change Type III signal intensity
lowT1-weighted lowT2-weighted
severely degenerated end plates
only end plate change visible on CT scans or radiographs-sclerosis
Part of the normal aging process and must not be confused with other pathologic processes, such as tumor and infection
Other diagnostic tests
PET / SPECT- experimental & few centers have this facilities
Electromyography/ NCVadvantage of electromyography is in the identification of peripheral neuropathy and diffuse neurological involvement indicative of higher or lower lesions.
The SSEP is an extremely sensitive monitoring technique.
Bone scans positive findings usually are not indicative of intervertebral disc disease, but they can confirm neoplastic, traumatic, and arthritic problems in the spine.
complete blood count, differential white cell count, biochemical profile, urinalysis, and sedimentation rate good screening procedures
Rheumatoid screening studies such as rheumatoid arthritis latex, antinuclear antibody, lupus erythematosus cell preparation, and HLA-B27 also are useful when indicated by the clinical picture.
ZYGAPOPHYSEAL (FACET) JOINT INJECTIONS Cause of facet joint pain:-
Meniscoid entrapment and extrapment, synovial impingement, chondromalacia facetae, capsular and synovial inflammation, and mechanical injury to the joint capsule.
Osteoarthritis No noninvasive pathognomonic findings
distinguish facet joint–mediated pain from other sources of spine pain.
Fluoroscopically guided facet joint injections therefore are commonly considered the gold standard for isolating or excluding the facet joint as a source of spine or extremity pain.
DISCOGRAPHY provocative testing for concordant pain to provide information regarding the clinical significance of the disc abnormality. Indications :- surgical planning of spinal fusion, testing of the
structural integrity of an adjacent disc to a known abnormality such as spondylolisthesis or fusion, identifying a painful disc among multiple degenerative discs, ruling out secondary internal disc disruption or suspected lateral or recurrent disc herniation, and determining the primary symptom-producing level when chemonucleolysis is being considered.
Lumbar spine in an oblique position with superior articular process (arrow) dividing disc space (d) in half
Disc entry point is just anterior (arrow) to base of superior articular process (s) and just above superior endplate of vertebral body
Curved procedure needle (c) passing through straight introducer needle (n
Lumbar Disc Disease
Symptomatic LDH occurs during the lifetime of approx. 2% of the general population
Factors associated with LDH:- Male gender Age 30 -50 yrs Job requiring heavy lifting Lifting in a twisted or asymmetric posture Stressful occupation Lower income Cigarette smoking Exposure to prolonged vibration in the
range of 4 to 5 Hz
Degenerative Disc Disease Pathophysiology:
1. Disc gradually dries out, loses height and volume.
2. NP changes from a turgid gelatinous bulb to brownish dessicated structure.
3. AF develops fissures parrallel to the vertebral end plates.
4. Compressive loads transfer away from nucleus to margins
5. Sclerosis of endplate reduces disc nutrition.
6. Facet joints wear away cartilage, begin to override
7. Motion segment becomes hypermobile
8. Osteophytes develop to attempt to stabilize motion segment
9. Osteophytes may encroach on neural structures.
Prolapse intervertebral discPathophysiology:
1. Acute disc prolapse is due to flexion +compression.
2. More at L4/5,L5/S1 (stress is more severe).3. Disc rupture = stress + disturbances in the
hydrophilic properties of the NP.4. Disc rupture = fibrocartilaginous material
extruded posteriorly and annulus bulges to one side.
5. Part of the nucleus may sequestrated freely.6. Large central rupture may cause pressure of
the cauda equina.
Boos et al. decrease in
nutritional transport water content absolute number of viable cells proteoglycans pH
increase in an increase keratin sulfate to chondroitin sulfate
ratio lactate degradative enzyme activity
Pathophysiology: Pain= arises due to disruption of outermost layer
of the annulus fibrosus, stretching or tearing of the posterior longitudanal ligament and pressure on the dura. symptoms worsened by coughing, valsalva, sneezing
Sciatica= if disc protudes to oneside it may irritate the dural covering of the adjacent nerve root causing pain in the buttock, posterior thigh and calf.
Pressure on the nerve root itself causes paraesthesia and/or numbness in the corresponding dermatome, as well as weakness and decreased reflexes in the muscles suppllied by that nerve root.
STAGES OF DDD
Dessication Loss of fluid in nucleus pulposus.
Disc bulge:- diffuse symmetrical outpouching of the annulus fibrosus caused by early disc degeneration& collapse
Protrusion:- base wider than any diameter of the material displaced beyond disc space
Extrusion:- displaced portion has a greater diameter than its connection with the parent disc at its base
Sequestration:- when disc extrusion has lost all connection with the parent disc
Migration:- an extruded disc, whether sequestrated or not, that has been displaced above or below the edge of the disc space
Depending upon whether the displaced portion is completely enveloped by intact outer annulus or combination of annulus and PLL( s/t called capsule):-
Contained:- Un contained:-
Subligamentous:- disc material contained beneath the PLL
Transligamentous Submembranous:- disc
material contained only by peridural menbrane
CLASSIFICATION DD
Depending upon the relationship of the herniated material to the posterior annulus and PLL: Central( midline):- herniation along the
posterior annulus Posterolateral:- along the weaker lateral
expansion of PLL Foraminal( lateral ) Extraforaminal ( far lateral)
In relation to nerve root: Shoulder herniation Axillary herniation
According to the level of LDH:- High LDH:- L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4 Low LDH:- L4-L5, L5-S1
CLASSIFICATION
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS LDD
Age:- 3rd or 4th decade in healthy adult
Mostly relate to traumatic incident but Intermittent back pain of months or year
Back or leg pain, radiating Aggravating :-heavy exertion,
repetitive bending, twisting, or heavy lifting, relieved with rest in semi-Fowler position
weakness and paresthesias, localized to the neurological level of involvement
Clinical examination
Standing pt who declines to sit, with loss of normal lumbar lordosis & PVM spasm suggestive of PIVD
List Limited spine ROM Point tenderness may be present
over the spinous process at the level of the disc involved
Atrophy of muscles – chronic cases
LSR testing During SLR maneuver , the L5 and S1
nerve root either moves or passively deforms approx. 2 to 6 mm at the level of foramen
Maximum tension is realized in the sciatic nerve at 30* to 70* of elevation from the supine
Crossed SLR is more specific of a disc herniation( pathognomonic of micromotion in affected side nerve roots while raising normal side leg)
Large cenrtal or lateral recess herniation Free disc fragment
Lasegue sign Bowstring sign
Management
Goal:- Prompt return to normal function and pain
relief through the efficient and effective use of diagnostic tests and efficacious treatments
Non operative:- Reassurance, medications, and activity
modification Bed rest in a semi Fowlers position for 1 to 2
days in acute cases Aerobic conditioning including abdominal and
back strengthening exercises Application of heat, ice, TENS, USG massage,
Traction Manipulative therapy Back school programme
EPIDURAL STEROIDS:-
offer relatively prolonged pain relief without excessive narcotic intake if conservative care is elected.
Methylprednisolone is the usual steroid injected.
The dosage may vary from 80 to 120 mg.
The anesthetics used may include lidocaine, bupivacaine, or procaine.
current protocol is to inject the patient three times. These injections are made at 7- to 10-day intervals.
Indication of surgery Emergent/ absolute:-
Presence of cauda equina syndrome Progressive neurologic deficit
Relative:- Persistent radiculopathy despite an adequate trial of non
surgical treatment( min of 6 wks) Recurrent episodes of incapacitating sciatica Significant motor deficit with persistent tension signs and
pain Pseudoclaudication( activity related leg pain) caused by
canal stenosis resulting from a disc herniation Goal of surgery:-
Alleviate the neural compression without further injury to the affected nerve root
Minimal disruption of surrounding normal tissues and maintenance of spinal stability
Waddell’s Non-organic sign (DOReST)
Finding Description
1. Tenderness a. superficial - pain with light touch to skin
b. deep - nonanatomic widespread deep pain
2. Simulation a. pain with light axial compression on skull
b. pain with light twisting of pelvis
3. Distraction No pain with distracted SLR
4. Regional a.nonanatomic or inconsistent motor findings during entire exam
b. nonanatomic or inconsistent sensory findings during entire exam
5. Overreaction Overreaction noted at any time during exam
Surgical procedure
Standard open lumbar disectomy Microlumbar disc excision Endoscopic disc excision Additional exposure Hemilaminectomy usually is required when
identifying the root is a problem. This may occur with a conjoined root.
Total laminectomy usually is reserved for patients with spinal stenoses that are central in nature, which occurs typically in cauda equina syndrome.
Facetectomy usually is reserved for foraminal stenosis or severe lateral recess stenosis.
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