dasar kelistrikan

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

1 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?

1) Generating electricity

+-

Hydrogen atom

+ +

-

-

Helium

+ +

-

-

-

Lithium

Atomic nucleus

Electron

Atomic nucleus

Proton

Neutron

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2) Frictional electricity

(1) When two different objects are rubbed together, electricity is produced.(2) Frictional electricity is positive or negative.(3) Similarly charged bodies repel each other.(4) Oppositely charged bodies attract each other.

cak sol sumber HQSAtas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

1 CURRENT, VOLTAGE, RESISTANCE

1) Current

(1) What is Current?

Electric cableFree electron

Electron move.

Neutralized Supplied from B

AA BB AA BB

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

(2) Current unit

1 Second1 Ampere 1 Coulomb=

< Units >1 ampere = 1000 milliamperes1 milliampere = 1000 microamperes

< Symbols >Ampere (A)Milliampere (mA)Microampere (µA)

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2) Voltage

Waterpressure

Voltage

Electron flow

Current

No water pressure Voltage is zero

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

3) ResistanceGenerator

Current

Load resistance

Cable internal resistance

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

)(µ Microohm

)( Ohm

)(k Kiloohm

)(M Megaohm

> Symbols <

ohm 10 = ohm 1/1000000 = microohm 1

ohm 1

ohms 10 = ohms 1000 = kiloohm 1

ohms 10 = ohms 1000000 = megaohm 1

> Units <

6-

3

6

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

4) Ohm's Law

132

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

)ohms(cetansisRe)volt(Voltage

=)amper(Current

) ( R x (A) I=(V) E

(A) I(V) E

=) ( R

) ( R(V) E

=(A) I

: Current: Voltage: Resistance

IER

R•I=E

IE

=RRE

=I

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

3 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT (APPLYING OHM'S LAW)

1) Basic circuit

Switch FuseLamp

+ - 12 V 6

I = ?

Atas Kebaikan HQS

(1) When voltage and current are known and resistance is determined

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

When a resistance was applied to a voltage of 24V, a current of8A was produced. What was the resistance value?

24 V

I = 8 A

R = ?

From Ohm's Law

I = 8 (A)E = 24 (V)

IE

=R

) (3=824

=R

Atas Kebaikan HQS

(2) When resistance and current are known and voltage is determined

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

How many volts is required to conduct a current of 2A througha resistance of 50

100 V

I = 2 A

R = 50

From Ohm's Law

R = 50I = 2 (A)

E = I x R

E = 2 x 50 = 100 (V)

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2) Series circuit

14Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

R1 R2 R3

E

E1 E2 E3

Total voltage E = E1 + E2 + E3

= I•R1 + I•R2 + I•R3

= I (R1 + R2 + R3)

Combined resistance E = E1 + E2 + E3

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Let's obtain the values of the combined resistance and the current.

12 V

6 4 2

)A(1=1212

=RE

=I

R = R1 + R2 + R3

6 + 4 + 2 = 12

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

3) Parallel circuit

Atas Kebaikan HQS

R1

R2

E

I2

I1

I

)R1

+R1

( E=RE

+RE

2121

I = I1 + I2 =Total current

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

21 R1

+R1

1=R

21 R1

+R1

=R1

Combinedresistance ) (R

)V(E=)A(I

) (R1

x )V(E=

Ohms’ Low

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

What is the combined resistance value in the figure below?

20=R1

30=R2

60=R3

601

+301

+201

1=

R1

+R1

+R1

1=R

321

[ ]10=6

60=

6061

=

601

+602

+603

1=

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

4 SOLENOID PRINCIPLE

1) Current and magnetic field

- +

S

N

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Paper

-+-

+N

SN

N

N

S

S

S

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Current

Current

Right-handed screw rule

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2) Magnetic fields created by a coil

Magnetic force lines

Current

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

N pole S pole

Magnetic force lines

Current

Right hand

Current flow directionRight-hand grip Rule

N S

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Iron core

Coil

Iron bar

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

5 STARTER WORKING PRINCIPLE

1) Electromagnetic force (Fleming's Left-hand rule)

Conducting wire and Current direction

Direction of magnetic force line is the same, so electromagnetic force is strong.

Direction of magnetic force line is the opposite, so electromagnetic force is weak.

Expulsion force

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Fleming's left-hand rule

Force direction

Magnetic force line direction

Current direction

Current (A)

Magnetic field (A/M)

Force (N)

N to S

+ to -

N S

+

-

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Magnet

CoilBrush

Power supply

Commutator

+ -

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Force

Current

Magneticforce line

Magneticforce line

Force

Current Force

Current

Magneticforce line

Magneticforce line

Force

Current

Current flow direction isreversed by commutator.

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

6 GENERATOR WORKING PRINCIPLE

1) Electromagnetic induction (Fleming's right-hand rule)

Ammeter

Electromotive force is produced when the conductor is moved up and down

+

-

Electromotive force (V)

= magnetic flux x conductor length (m) x conductor moving speed (m/s))m/Wb( 2

Atas Kebaikan HQS

Fleming's right-hand rule

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Conductor direction

Magnetic force lines

Electromotive force direction

N to S

+ to -

Fleming's left-hand rule

Current

Force

Magneticforce line

+

-

NS

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2) Current Generator Working Principle

B1 B2

C1C2

a

b

c

d

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

3) Alternating current generating principle

B1

B2S1

S2

a

b c

d ad

c b

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

7 BATTERY PRINCIPLE

1) Battery purpose

Connected in parallel

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2) Battery structure and function

Terminal

LidCell plug

Connector

SeparatorGlass mat

Positive plateNegative plate

Battery jar

Glass mat

Positive plate

Pole

Negative plate

SeparatorPole

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Pb + 2H2SO4 +PbO2 PbSO4 + 2H2O + PbSO4

Positive pole platesNegative pole plates

++

++

--

--

++++

Hydrogen ion +Lead ion +

Negative pole Positive poleCurrent

Electron

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

+-

Larger terminal is positive

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

3) In-service maintenance

020

406080

100120140

160180200

220240

1.240 1.250 1.260 1.270 1.280 1.290 1.300 1.310 1.320

Diluted sulfuric acid(Specific gravity : 1.400)

Purified water

Rep

lace

able

qua

ntity

(C

C)

(per

1 li

ter

of e

lect

roly

te)

Battery electricity specific gravity (20 degrees)

(1) Adjusting electrolyte level and specific gravity

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

(2) Measuring electrolyte specific gravity

A

B

Rubber ball

Glass tube

Floating scale

Suction tube

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

4) Storage cautions

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

5) Charging

(1) Charging type

Supplementary chargingInitial charging

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

(2) Charging methods

Constant-current charging method

Fast charging method

1

2

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

(3) Voltage and specific gravity changes during charging

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

1.1

1.2

1.3

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

1.9

Charging time (H)

Ter

min

al v

olta

ge (

V)

Spe

cific

gra

vity

Voltage

Specific gravity

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

(4) Charging-related cautions

+-

-+

+ +

--

1.5) to 1.2( x current(A) Charging

rate(Ah) Discharge=time(h) Charging

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

(5) Battery capacity

Unit Ampere-hour (Ah)

Ampere-hour capacity (Ah) = discharge current (A) x discharge time (h)

Watt-hour capacity (Wh) = discharge current (A) x discharge time (h) x mean discharge voltage (V)

(Example)

Discharge: 5 hours

Current: 6A6 (A) x 5 (h) = 30 (Ah)

Voltage: 12V

Battery: 40Ah40 (Ah) x 12 (V) = 480 (Ah)

Ampere-hour capacity (Ah)

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

100Ah

20 hours at 5 A

5 A

100Ah

10 hours at 10 A

Heat lossChemicalreactions

10 A

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

8 CIRCUIT TESTER

1) Outline(1) Measurement of alternating or direct-current voltage and current(2) Measurement of resistance(3) Discovery of electric circuit shorts, grounds, and disconnections

2) Structure

Positive side cordterminal

Measuring range

Alternating voltagemeasuring range

Direct-currentvoltage measuringrange

Negative sidemeasuring cord

Resistance measuringscale

0 point adjusting screw

0 point adjusting knob

Negative sideterminal

Direct currentmeasuring range

Positive sidemeasuring cord

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

3) Measuring voltage

+- + - + - +- +

Battery

Bat

tery

Household-usewall outlet

OK

Direct current Alternating current

-

Alternating voltagemeasuring range

0 point adjusting screwDirect-current voltagemeasuring range

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Reading the tester

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

4) Measuring current

0 point adjusting screw

Current up to 250mA

Current up to 20A

Bat

tery

Bat

tery-+

-+

+

-

+

-

Tester

Tester

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Reading the tester

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

5) Measuring resistance

0 point adjusting knob

Bat

tery

+ -Tester

OFF

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Reading the tester

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

8 ELECTRIC COMPONENTS

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

1) Resistors

Resistor

Fixed resistor

Symbol: RWPower type covered wire wound resistor

Variable resistor

Carbon film fixed resistor

Fixed body resistor

Insulated carbon film process resistor

Symbol: RD

Symbol: RC

Symbol: RF

Atas Kebaikan HQS

H RD 1/2 P X G150k

Ratedpower(W)1/81/41/21

Carbonfilmfixedresistor

H whenfrequencyis high

XYZAB

10±:K

5±:J

2±:G

1±:F

5.0±:D

[%]

][M

][k

][

P

L

Serviceobjective Type Shape

Resistancevalueallowance

NormalresistancevalueProperties

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Symbols inscribed on resistors

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Fixed body resistor color code

1st color band 2nd color band 4th color bandBlack 0 0 x10

0-

Brown 1 1 x101

-Red 2 2 x10

2-

Orange 3 3 x103

-Yellow 4 4 x10

4-

Green 5 5 x105

-Blue 6 6 x10

6-

Purple 7 7 -Gray 8 8 -White 9 9 -Gold - - x10

-1 5%Silver - - x10

-2 10%No color - - 20%

Color

--

-

3rd color band

Resistance valueallowance2-digit number

-

MultiplierResistance value

4th color3rd color2nd color1st color

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

10% ± 10 x 0 2 2

10%± :allowance value Resistance

2,000 :value Resistance

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Fixed body resistor color code

1st color band 2nd color band 3rd color band 5th color bandBlack 0 0 0 x10 0 0,5%Brown 1 1 1 x10 1 1%Red 2 2 2 x10 2 2%

Orange 3 3 3 x10 3 -Yellow 4 4 4 x10 4 -Green 5 5 5 x10 5 -Blue 6 6 6 x10 6 -

Purple 7 7 7 -Gray 8 8 8 -White 9 9 9 -Gold - - - x10 -1 5%Silver - - - x10 -2 10%

No color - - - 20%

Resistance valueallowance

-

MultiplierResistance value

3-digit numberColor

--

-

4th color band

5th color4th color3rd color2nd color1st color

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

1% 10 x 2 0 2 2

10% :allowance valueResistance

22020.200 : valueResistance

k

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2) Fuses

Capacity 10% current 135% current 150% current5A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.10A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.15A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.20A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.25A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.30A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 30 sec.

Housing Fusible strip

Terminal

Fusible strip

Terminal

Blade type Glass type

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

(Reference)Electric wire allowable current

Nomination(cross-sectional

area mm)Strand diameter mm Number of strands Outer diameter mm Allowable current A

0.5 0.32 7 2.2 9

0.85 0.32 11 2.4 12

1.25 0.32 16 2.7 15

2 0.32 26 3.1 20

3 0.32 41 3.8 27

5 0.32 65 4.6 37

8 0.45 50 5.5 47

15 0.45 84 7.0 59

20 0.8 41 8.2 84

30 0.8 70 10.8 120

40 0.8 85 11.4 135

50 0.8 108 13.0 160

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

3) Diodes

Diodes

General distribution diode

Low voltage diode (Zener diode)

Light-emitting diode

Photo diode

1 General distribution diode

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2 Zener diode

Properties of general rectifier diodes Zener diode properties

0 1 2

-5

For

wa

rd d

irect

ion

curr

ent

(A)

Rev

erse

dire

ctio

ncu

rren

t (m

A)

Forward directionvoltage (V)

Reverse directionvoltage (V)

5V Zener diode

-100

50

50

0 1

For

wa

rd d

irect

ion

curr

ent

(A)

Rev

erse

dire

ctio

ncu

rren

t (m

A)

Forward directionvoltage (V)

Reverse directionvoltage (V)

Germanium diodeSilicon diode

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

3 Light-emitting diode

Light

Hole Electron

P N

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

4) Transistors

N

P

N

C

E

BP

N

P

C

E

B

NPN type PNP type

EmitterBase

CollectorEmitterBase

Collector

Emitterprotrusion

Straight line

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Designation of Symbols

2 S C 154 A

S

One-digitnumber

Letter ofalphabet

Meaning ofsemiconductor

parts

Twe-digitor largernumber

Letter ofalphabet

(Number of rectifierJunctions)

(Semiconductor S) (ApplicationIndication)

(Registrationnumber)

(Improvementnumber)

PNP high frequency usePNP low frequency useNPN high frequency useNPN low frequency useThyristor

ABCDF

……………

Photo transistorDiode3-pole diode4-pole diode

…………

0124

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

5) ThermistorsR

esis

tanc

e

Temperature

Negativecharacteristicthermistor

Positivecharacteristicthermistor

Case

Thermistor

Terminal

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

(+) (-)

++++

----

A B

Insulator

Condenser(Capacitors)

Variable condenser

Fixed condenser

Air condenser (variable condenser)

Mica condenser

Aluminum electrolytic condenser (AI condenser)

Tantalum condenser (Ta condenser)

Barium titanate condenser

Titanium dioxide porcelain condenser

Metallized paper condenser (MP condenser)

Plastic film condenser

Paper condenser

Atas Kebaikan HQS

BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY

Tubular paper condenser Porcelain condenser

Titanium condenser

Electrolytic condenser

Mica condenser

Variable air condenser

Oil-impregnatedcondenser

Condenser type