daniels ch 13 exp & import

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Part TwoGlobal, Strategy, Structure, and

Implementation

Chapter Thirteen

Export And Import Strategies

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Chapter Objectives

• To introduce the ideas of export and import• To identify the elements of export and exporting

strategies• To compare direct and indirect selling of

exporting• To identify the elements of import and importing

strategies• To discuss the types and roles of third-party

intermediaries in exporting• To discuss the role of countertrade in

international business

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Environmental Factors Influencing Export and Import Operations

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Exports & Imports

• Exporting refers to the sale of goods or services produced by a company based in one country to customers that reside in a different country

• Importing is the purchase of goods or services by a company based in one country from sellers that reside in another

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Advantages of Exporting

• Lower investment way to enter foreign markets

• Lower risk way to enter foreign markets

• Expands sales

• Achieves scale economies

• Diversifies sales

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Characteristics of Exporters

• The probability of a company’s becoming an exporter increases with company size, but the extent of exporting does not directly correlate with size

• Companies export to increase sales revenues, use excess capacity, and diversify markets

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Phases of ExportDevelopment

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Pitfalls of Exporting

• Companies new to exporting (and also some experienced exporters) often make many mistakes

• One way to avoid mistakes is to develop a comprehensive export strategy that includes an analysis of the company’s resources as well as its export potential

• Companies can also improve the odds of export success by working with an experienced export intermediary

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Designing an Export Strategy

• As a company establishes its export business plan, it must: assess export potential obtain expert counseling select a country or countries where it will

focus its exports formulate its strategy determine how to get its goods to market

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The InternationalTransaction Chain

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Types of importers

• Those looking for any product around the world to import and sell.

• Those looking for foreign sourcing to get their products at the cheapest price.

• Those using foreign sourcing as part of their global supply chain.

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Types of imports

• Industrial and consumer goods to independent individuals and companies.

• Intermediate goods and services that are part of the firm’s global supply chain.

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Strategic Advantages of Imports

• Specialization of Labor

• Global Rivalry

• Local Unavailability

• Diversification of Operating Risks

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Customs Agencies

• Customs agencies assess and collect duties, as well as ensure that import regulations are adhered to

• A customs broker helps by valuing products to qualify for: more favorable duty treatment qualifying products for duty refunds through drawback

provisions deferring duties by using bonded warehouses and

foreign trade zones limiting liability by properly marking an import’s

country of origin

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Principal types of exporting

• Direct: goods and services are sold to an independent party outside of the exporter’s home country.

• Indirect exports: goods and services are sold to an intermediary in the domestic market, which then sells the goods in the export market.

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Indirect Selling

• Exporters may deal directly with: agents or distributors in a foreign country indirectly through third-party intermediaries,

such as export management companies other types of trading companies

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Direct Selling

• Through distributors who usually deal with retailers instead of end users

• To retailers and end users

• Internet marketing is a new form of direct exporting that is allowing many small- and medium-sized companies to access export markets as never before

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Export Documentation

• Key export documents are: pro forma invoice commercial invoice bill of lading consular invoice certificate of origin shipper’s export declaration export packing list

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Export Assistance

• Trading companies can perform many of the functions for which manufacturers lack the expertise

• Exporters can use the services of other specialists, such as freight forwarders, to facilitate exporting

• These specialists can help an exporter with the complex documentation that accompanies exports

• Government agencies in some countries, such as the Ex-Im Bank in the United States, provide assistance in: terms of direct loans to importers bank guarantees to fund an exporter’s working capital needs insurance against commercial and political risk

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Trade Information by Type and Source

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Countertrade

• Countertrade is when goods and services are traded for each other. It is used when a firm exports to a country whose currency creates barriers to efficient trade

• Common types are: barter, buyback, offset, switch trading, and counter purchase