dalian maritime university & cinec maritime campus

Management of Commercial Shipping and its operational Challenges

Dalian Maritime University

&CINEC Maritime Campus

Presented by Lalith Edirisinghe Decemberat Dalian Maritime

UniversityDalian China

The process of an export container; External trade patterns; size & type

complexities of containers; challenges due to special cargo

operations needs

Seaborne tradeAirborne tradeRoad transportRailways Pipelines

Key modes of transport

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Cost Comparison of world transport modes

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Global Trend of Shipping

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Dry Cargo Container ships Break bulk ships (General Cargo) Bulk ships RORO ships

Liquid Cargo Oil tankers Chemical tankers Gas carriers

LPG-Liquefied Petroleum Gas LNG-Liquefied Natural Gas

Types of ships

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Bulk carriersSmaller ones are generally provided

with cargo gearsBigger ones are gearlessCarry cargoes in bulkHigh speed ships are available

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Concept of Transshipment

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Operational Process in the shipping Industry

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The process of an export shipment

Exporter make a Booking

Shipping line release an empty container to exporter

Exporter stuff the cargo

Laden container sent to port

Container loaded on boardShip sails to destination

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The role of ExporterExporter

Port Terminal

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Exporter

Freight Forwarder

The intermediately role of FF

Port Terminal

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Competitive Port Terminal Facilities

  Deviation Time in Vessel Fuel Cost Port Access Cost of Total Port Time Port Deviation Time ($)*** Charges time in Marginal

  (Days*)   Cost ($)***   ($)*** Port ($)** Cost ($)Chennai 1.10 1.00 24,750 18,840 28,000 22,500 93,730

Chiitagong 2.25 1.00 50,625 37,800 22,500 22,500 130,925Cochin 0.13 1.00 2,925 2,184 22,500 22,500 56,109

Colombo 0.06 1.00 1,350 1,006 10,000 22,500 34,858Dubai 2.37 0.50 53,325 39,816 5,500 11,250 109,891

JNPT / NSICT 0.85 1.00 19,125 14,280 26,500 22,500 82,405Karachi 1.33 1.00 29,925 22,344 20,000 22,500 94,769Mundra 1.30 1.00 29,950 21,840 28,000 22,500 101,590

Tuticorin 0.09 1.00 2,025 1,512 33,500 22,500 59,537

Notes : All figures in US$ * At 23 Knots, ** At US$ 22,500 per day for a 4,000 TEU vessel *** At 120 tpd x US$ 140/t{Source: Drewry Shipping Consultants Ltd/SAGT)

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Key roles of Container Freight Station (CFS)

Laden Imports from Ship

Empty container transported to exporter

CFS inspect the container & and store

Repairs & Washing Empty container transported to CFS

Import Laden container transported to consignee

Cargo de-stuffed by Importer

Exporter load cargo and send to port

Import container discharged at port

Sometimes Cargo is consolidated in the CFS

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They disembark in Muscat, Suez, Djibouti & Fujairah to join return

voyage. Mainly at Muscat & Suez and at Fujairah, the handling of weapons is not

allowed.

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OOG cargo

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Things that can go “IN-TO” a containers

IN GAUGE CONTAINER05/03/2023 18DMU CINEC

Why things cannot go in to the containers…………….

Size is bigger than the internal dimension of a container

Heavy weight – cannot handle through door

Use special type, purpose built equipments (containers)

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OOG05/03/2023 20DMU CINEC

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Equipments….Open Top Container

20' Open Top Containers                                                                                                                        

 40' Open Top Containers

InteriorDimensio

nsTare

WeightMax. Gross

WeightPayload Cubic

Capacity

 L: 5890mm

 2410 KG

  30480 KG

  28070 KG

  32.5 CBM

 W: 2350mm

 5310 LBS

  67200 LBS

  61890 LBS

  1138 CFT

 H: 2351mm        

InteriorDimensio

nsTare

WeightMax. Gross

WeightPayload Cubic

Capacity

 L: 12024mm

 4000 KG

  30480 KG

  26480 KG

  67.0 CBM

 W: 2350mm

 8000 LBS

  60960 LBS

  52960 LBS

  2345 CFT

  H: 2351mm        

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OO

G si

des

Over height

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OOG05/03/2023 24DMU CINEC

OOG05/03/2023 25DMU CINEC

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Equipments….Fixed Corner Flat Rack ContainerCollapsible Flat Rack ContainerOpen End Flat Rack ContainerArtificial Tween Decker

Example..

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What is Un Containerized - Break Bulk CargoThe cargos that exceed the container payload

or have dimensions affecting the use of the lifting points are classified as un-containerized. UC will be rested on flat racks or platforms. Lashing and unlashing will be done onboard.

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Out-of-Gauge cargo acceptance

Cargo is regarded OOG when it is Unitised and more than :

1 cm Over Width (OW) on each side. 1 cm Over Length (OL) on each side. 1 cm Over Height (OH) from the lifting

points irrespective of cargo own height or interior dimensions of flat rack / collapsible flat racks.

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Over heightOver length both side

Over width Both side

OO

G si

des

Over height

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Example.. Numerous OOG shipments on one vessel

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Example Break Bulk, 3 flat racks welded together

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Important Steps for a Safe Shipment

Why ????

Damage to Deck Cargoes – Lashing?

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The Aftermath on Deck

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Windage or Weather?

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To ensure a Safe ShipmentAlways store on the container keeping the

centre of gravity of cargo lower than the centre of height.

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To ensure a Safe Shipment

Distribute the weight of the cargo in a area as large as possible in the floor board.

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Weight of heavy cargoes to be divided as much as possible by e.g adding timber layers on the floor

REMEMBER

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SWL 1,5 ts

SWL 1,5 ts

SWL 2 TS

SWL 2 Ts

20 Ts

Coil not stowed on longditudal timber layers

Heavely underlashed as 20 Ts only lashed for 3,5 Ts each side

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No braching athwart at all

Lashings broken: Coils shifted, contr heavily damaged.

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Smaller coils braced against the side

Note longditual layers: To ,,stretch,, the pressure along the wall

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Example 4: BBK, Boat being loaded on cradle and bed of flat racks

Nylon webbing

Slings

Bed of FR’s

Adjustable cradle

29 meter Christmas

Present

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Example - OOG requiring careful lashing

Lashing

Steel cradle

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Example Break Bulk on a bed of flat racks. Lashed, being lashed, and being loaded

Bed of FR’s

Cell guides

Flush folding end FR’s

Access for

checking lashings

Wire slings

Flat timber. (avoid friction between steel)

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Results of wrong weigth distribution

Very dangerous as well for staff

and dock workers

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When Customer goes against safety requirements !!!!!

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Transport to border

Wait at border crossing/change transport mode

Transport to sea port

Wait at sea port

Sea transportDay 4

Tim

e

Day 3

Day 2

Day 1

$400

Cost

$300

$200

$100

500 km 1000 km 2000 km1500 kmDistance

Facilitating the Movement of Goods

ESCAP time / cost analysis

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Dangerous Goods Handling

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Why we need to take precautions..?

For Safety..!For Safety..!

For Safety..!

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The International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code

For the safety of ships and their crews together with the safety of stevedores handing such dangerous cargo the packaging, marking, stowage and segregation of dangerous cargo is covered under an International Code of Safe Practice, the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code).

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IMDG CodeThe objective of the International

Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code is to:

Enhance the safe transport of dangerous goods

Protect the marine environment

Facilitate the free unrestricted movement of dangerous goods05/03/2023 57DMU CINEC

Why these conventions and resultant IMDG code is important in Maritime Transport?

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Hanjin Pennsylvania

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Fireworks stowed on deck

Were they properly declared as Class 1?

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2 crew members died

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IMDG Code

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Substance capable of posing unreasonable risk to the

personnel, vessel and marine environment.

Determined by its properties/characteristics, i.e.

Explosives Gasses FlammableLiquids

Flammable Solids

ToxicOxidizingSubstances CorrosiveRadioactive

What is Dangerous Cargo..?

Miscellaneous

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Classifications

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

Class 5

Class 6

Class 7

Class 8

Class 9

Flammable Liquids

Flammable Solids

Oxidizing Substances/ Organic Peroxides

Toxic / Infectious Substances

Radio Active Materials

Corrosive Substances

Miscellaneous

Explosives

Gasses

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ClassificationClass 2: GasesClass 2.1: flammable gases

Class 2.2: non-flammable gases

Class 2.3: toxic gases

Class 3: Flammable Liquids

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ClassificationClass 4: Flammable solids; substances liable to spontaneous combustion; substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gasesClass 4.1: flammable solids, self-reactive substances and solid desensitized explosivesClass 4.2: substances liable to spontaneous combustionClass 4.3: substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases05/03/2023 67DMU CINEC

ClassificationClass 5: Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides Class 5.1: oxidizing substances

Class 5.2: organic peroxides Class 6: Toxic and infectious substances Class 6.1: toxic substances

Class 6.2: infectious substances

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ClassificationClass 7: Radioactive materials Class 8: Corrosive substances Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles NOTE: The numerical order of the classes and divisions is not that of the degree of danger Responsibility: The classification shall be made by he shipper/consignor or by the appropriate competent authority where specified in this Code.

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Refrigerated Cargo Handling

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What happens inside the perishable commoditiesRespiration

Heat Generation

Starch is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds

the chemical and physical processin which oxygen is delivered to tissues or cells in an organism and carbon dioxide and water are given off external respiration-----ethylene

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Why you need to Refrigerate cargo..?Remove the Heat Generate inside the

commodities such as Fruits and Vegetable.Reduce RespirationRemove the gasses generates in the process

of respiration.

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What is the Difference Between

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STAR COOL - MAGNUM PLUS TYPE

STAR COOL - MAGNUM PLUS TYPE

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Parts & Functions Bottom-air delivery.

This means that the cold air is supplied from the bottom of the container through the specially designed T-bar floor and side walls.

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Stuffing

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Stuffing

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How the Equipment is designed

Additional Clip on Gen sets with the capacity of running from 36 hours to 5 days.

Clip On Gen Set fixed and

ready for inland

transportation.

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Special types of EquipmentsControlled Atmosphere Containers. (CA)

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Special types of Equipments

Magnam ContainersSuitable for the

Sea Food industryCapable of

maintaining temperature upto -35 C (31 F) in an ambient temperature of 50 C.

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Special types of Equipments

Super Freezer Containers.

Cater to carry cargo in an ultra low temperatures such as -60 C (-76 F)

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Cold Store

9

9

9

9

9

SupermarketYour fridge

AA = Ambient Air

TM = Temperature management

TC = Temperature compromised

TMAA AA

TC

AA

AA TMTMTMTM

TCTM/TC

TM/TC

Un Broken Cold Chain From Field to Consumption

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Dealing with reefer cargo

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AVOCADOGeneral Information:

Rapid cooling after harvest importantType of fruit : climactericEthylene sensitivity : highTemperature : 41-50F / 5-10CVentilation : 15 - 30 cbm/hHumidity : 85-90 %Controlled AtmosphereO2 : 2 - 5 %CO2 : 5 - 10 %Ethylene filter : 2

Shelf-lifeNormal shipment : 3 - 6 weeks

Controlled Atmosphere : 5 - 10 weeks

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PINEAPPLES

Temperature : 46-56F / 8-13CVentilation : 20 cbm/hHumidity : 85-90 %Controlled AtmosphereO2 : 2 - 5 %CO2 : 5 - 10 %Ethylene filter : 2

General Information :

Can be hot-loadedType of fruit : Non climactericEthylene sensitivity : High

Shelf-life

Normal shipment : 3 - 6 weeksControlled Atmosphere : 4 - 7 weeks

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BANANAS

Temperature : 46-56F / 8-13C Ventilation : 20 cbm/hHumidity : 85-90 %

General Information :

Can be hot-loadedType of fruit : ClimactericEthylene sensitivity : High

Controlled AtmosphereO2 : 2 - 5 %CO2 : 5 - 10 %Ethylene filter : 2

Shelf-life

Normal shipment : 3 - 6 weeksControlled Atmosphere : 4 - 7 weeks

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Temperature : 30.5-32F / -1.0-0.0C Ventilation : 15 cbm/hHumidity : 90-95%

PLUMS

Controlled AtmosphereO2 : 1.0 - 2.0 %CO2 : 3.0 - 5.0 %Ethylene Filter : 1

General Information :

Can be hot-loadedType of fruit : ClimactericEthylene sensitivity : High

Shelf-life

Normal shipment : 4 - 6 weeksControlled Atmosphere : 6 - 9 weeks

Thank you

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DMU CINEC92

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