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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Unemo M, William M. Antibiotic Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae :

Origin, Evolution, and Lessons Learned for the Future. [internet]. 2011.

[dikutip 22 Nov 2015]: Didapat dari:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4510988/

2. Knilans K, Ventevogel M, Zhu W, Anderson J, Oldach L, Hobbs M, et al.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Supresses Dendritic Cell Induced, Antigen-

Dependent CD4 T Cell Proliferation. [internet]. 2012. [dikutip 22 Nov

2015]: 7(7):2. Didapat dari:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3402525/

3. Unemo M, William M. Antibiotic Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in

the 21st Century: Past, Evolution, and Future. [internet]. 2014. [dikutip 23

Nov 2015]: 27(3):587. Didapat dari:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135894/

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease

Surveilance : Gonorrhea : Reported Cases and Rates of Reported Cases by

State/Area and Region in Alphabetical Order, Unites States and Outlying

Areas, 2010-2014. [internet]. 2014. [dikutip 17 Nov 2015]: Didapat dari:

http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/tables/14.htm

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5. Semarang Public Health. Health Profile in 2010 [internet]. Semarang:

Semarang Public Health;2010. [dikutip 06 Des 2015]: Didapat dari:

www.dinkes-kotasemarang.go.id.

6. Semarang Public Health. Health Profile in 2011 [internet]. Semarang:

Semarang Public Health;2011. [dikutip 06 Des 2015]: Didapat dari:

www.dinkes-kotasemarang.go.id

7. Allen G, Mitterni L, Seah C, Rabbapragada A, Martin E, Lee C, et al.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Treatment Failure and Suspectibility to Cefixime in

Toronto, Canada. JAMA. [internet]. 2013. [dikutip 9 Jan 2016]:

309(2):163. Didapat dari:

http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1556149

8. CDC. Updated CDC’s Sexually Transmitted Disease treatment guidelines.

Oral cephalosporin no longer a recommended treatment for gonococcal

infection. [internet]. 2012. [dikutip 08 Des 2015]: 61(31):590. Didapat

dari: http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-

2013-508.pdf#page=55

9. Ohnisi M, Saika T, Hoshina S. Ceftriaxone Resistant Neisseria

gonorrhoeae, Japan. [internet]. 2011. [dikutip 01 Jan 2016]: 17(1):148.

Didapat dari: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204624/

10. Ohnishi M, Golparian D. Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae Initiating a Future Era

of Untreatable Gonorrhea?: Detailed Characterization of the First Strain

with High-Level Resistance to Ceftriaxone. [internet]. 2011. [dikutip 01

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Jan 2016]: Didapat dari:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122416/

11. Rindi R, Rita E. Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Test Against

Neisseria gonorrhoeae In Vaginal Swab on Commercial Sex Workers at

Jondul, Rejosari, Tenayan Raya, Pekanbaru.[internet]. 2013. [dikutip 06

Jan 2016]: Didapat dari: repository.unri.ac.id.

12. Runtuboi R, Waworuntu L. Sensitivity Test Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Against Multiple Antibiotics on Commercial Sex Workers at Lokalisasi

Tanjung Elmo Jayapura. Papua Biologic Journal. [internet]. 2014. [dikutip

3 Nov 2015]: Didapat dari: ejournal.unicen.ac.id

13. Rahma D. The Difference in Sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae towards

Kanamycin and Ceftriaxone in In vitro.[internet]. 2015. [dikutip 22 Jan

2016]: Didapat dari: eprints.undip.ac.id.

14. CDC. Antibiotic Resistant Threat in United States, 2013. [internet].2013.

[dikutip 03 Feb 2016]: Didapat dari:

http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-

508.pdf

15. Jawetz, Melnick, Adelberg. Medical Microbiology. Edisi ke-25. Jakarta:

EGC; 2013. 256-60.

16. Pharmacology and Therapeutic Departement Medical Faculty of

Indonesian University. Pharmacology and Therapi. Edisi ke-5. Jakarta:

Balai Penerbit FK UI; 2007. 50-6.

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17. Rx List the Internet Drug Index. Clinical Pharmacology : Mechanism of

Action of Levofloxacin. [internet]. 2014 [dikutip 01 Jan 2016]: Didapat

dari: http://www.rxlist.com/levaquin-drug/clinical-pharmacology.htm

18. Nightingale, Murakawa, Ambrose. Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics In

Theory And Clinical Practice. Edisi ke-12. New York: Marcel Dekker,

Inc; 2002. 20-4.

19. Brunton L, Lazo J, Parker K. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological

Basis of Therapeutics. Edisi ke-2. London: McGraw Hill Professional;

2015. 314-20.

20. Rashid N, Nadeem M. Formulation and in-vitro Evaluation of

Levofloxacin Tablets by Using Different Superdisintegrants. American

Journal of Research Communication. 2013. [dikutip 05 Feb 2016]:

1(4):193. Didapat dari: www.usa-journals.com

21. Croom K, Goa K. Levofloxacin. A Review Of Its Use In the Treatment of

Bacterial Infection in United States. [internet]. 2013. [dikutip 14 Jan

2016]: 63(24):313. Didapat dari:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14664657

22. Anderson V, Perry C. Levofloxacin. A Review of Its Use as a High Dose,

Short Course Treatment For Bacterial Infection. [internet]. 2008. [dikutip

05 Des 2015]: 68 (4):535. Didapat dari:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18318569

23. Martodihardjo S. Urethritis Gonorrhoea and non Gonorrhea Diagnostic

and Therapy. Edisi ke-14. Jakarta: EGC; 2008. 1-17

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24. Murtiastutik D. Sexual Transmitted Disease. Edisi Pertama. Surabaya:

Airlangga University Press Surabaya, 2008. 109-14.

25. Bedeschi L, Pedroso C, Neto V, Souza V, Teixeira M. Antimicrobial

Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates from Patients Attending a

Public Referral Centre for Sexually Transmitted Disease in Belo,

Horizonte. States of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira

de Medicina Tropical. [internet]. 2013. [dikutip 23 Des 2015]: 46(3):304.

Didapat dari: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsbmt/v46n3/0037-8682-rsbmt-46-

03-304.pdf

26. Harvey R, Cornelison C, Fisher D. Microbiology. Edisi ke-3. London:

Wolters Kluwer Health; 2012. 309-12.

27. Wong B. Gonorrhea [internet]. 2014. [dikutip 16 Des 2016]: Didapat dari:

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218059-overview#aw2aab6b2b4aa

28. Medical Faculty of Indonesian University. Medical Microbiology. Edisi

ke-2. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara Jakarta; 1994. 143-53.

29. Morse S, Ballard C, Holmes K, Moreland A. Atlas of Sexually

Transmitted Disease and AIDS. Edisi ke-3. Spain: Mosby; 2003. 114-7.

30. Vipascita E. The Difference in Sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

towards Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone in In vitro.[internet]. 2015. [dikutip

21 Des 2015]: Didapat dari: eprints.undip.ac.id.

31. Christy A. STD Awareness : Ceftriaxone-Resistant Gonorrhea. [internet].

2015. [dikutip 7 Des 2015]: Didapat dari:

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http://advocatesaz.org/2015/12/07/std-awareness-ceftriaxone-resistant-

gonorrhea/

32. Breithaupth H. Tackling resistence : Bacteria, humans, animals, and

environtment: An Interview With Stuart Levy, Professor at Tufts

University School of Medicine and President of the Alliance for the

Prudent Use of Antibiotics. [internet]. 2014. [dikutip 15 Mei 2016]:

15(2):127. Didapat dari:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3989856/

33. Wikler M. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Suspectibility

Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Edisi ke-16. New

York: Cornell Inc; 2011. 178.

34. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Pedoman Nasional

Penanganan Infeksi Menular Seksual. [internet]. 2011. [dikutip 24 Juni

2016]: Didapat dari: spiritia.or.id/dokumen/pedoman-ims2011.pdf

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Lampiran 1. Ethical clearence

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Lampiran 2. Informed Consent

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55

56

57

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Lampiran 3. Data hasil penelitian

SAMPE

L KE-

LEVOFLOKSASI

N (mm)

KESIMPULA

N

SEFTRIAKSO

N (mm)

KESIMPULA

N

1 35 R 26 R

2 33 R 24 R

3 37 S 25 R

4 39 S 30 R

5 32 R 36 S

6 40 S 26 R

7 34 R 26 R

8 39 S 23 R

9 39 S 25 R

10 40 S 37 S

11 35 R 39 S

12 42 S 24 R

13 41 S 26 R

14 40 S 26 R

15 37 S 25 R

16 39 S 25 R

17 38 S 39 S

18 40 S 25 R

19 42 S 23 R

20 38 S 25 R

21 37 S 26 R

22 40 S 38 S

23 34 R 25 R

24 37 S 37 S

25 38 S 27 R

26 32 R 20 R

Keterangan : S=Sensitif, R=Resisten

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Lampiran 4. Analisis SPSS

Crosstabs

Seftriakson * Levofloksasin Crosstabulation

4 2 6

4.4 1.6 6.0

21.1% 28.6% 23.1%

15 5 20

14.6 5.4 20.0

78.9% 71.4% 76.9%

19 7 26

19.0 7.0 26.0

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Count

Expected Count

% within Lev of loksasin

Count

Expected Count

% within Lev of loksasin

Count

Expected Count

% within Lev of loksasin

Sensitif

Resisten

Sef triakson

Total

Sensitif Resisten

Levof loksasin

Total

Symmetric Measures

-.047 .124 -.404 .686

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KappaMeasure of Agreement

N of Valid Cases

Value

Asy mp.

Std. Errora

Approx. Tb

Approx. Sig.

Not assuming the null hypothesis.a.

Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.b.

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Lampiran 5. Dokumentasi

1. Media transport kuman (Thayer Martin cair)

2. Pengecatan Gram

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3. Koloni pada media thayer martin

4. Hasil Tes Fermentasi

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5. Hasil tes oksidasi

6. Pembiakkan Koloni Pada Media Mueller Hinton

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7. Hasil zona hambat dari kedua antibiotik pada media Mueller Hinton

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Lampiran 6. Biodata Mahasiswa

Identitas Peneliti

Nama : Dewi Ulfa Mei Saroh

NIM : 22010112110117

Tempat/tanggal lahir : Lamongan, 23 Mei 1994

Jenis Kelamin : Perempuan

Alamat : Jalan Raya Tanjung no 132 Lamongan, Jawa Timur

Nomor Telepon : 082225921715

e-mail : dewiulfams@yahoo.com

Riwayat Pendidikan Formal

1. SD : SD Negeri Tanjung Lamongan Lulus tahun : 2006

2. SMP : SMP Negeri 1 Lamongan Lulus tahun : 2009

3. SMA : SMA Negeri 2 Lamongan Lulus tahun : 2012

4. FK UNDIP : Masuk tahun : 2012