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D f B l fDegree of Belief
Cary L. SandellWells Fargo – Food and Agribusiness Group
November 2009November 2009
Wells Fargo Food and Agribusiness Group
E h dEverything is connected.
We just can’t see it.
Every new economic action comes from some other economic action’s end
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 2
What you want to know Is the recession done?
How can we tell? How can we tell? What type of recovery? For who?
What is holding the economy back What is holding the economy back Fear of the unknown De-leveraging (business and consumer) De-leveraging (business and consumer)
What is pulling the economy ahead Productivity (technological and global) Productivity (technological and global) Trade growth
Implications for agriculture and credit
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 3
Implications for agriculture and credit
How much GDP makes us happy?
C + I + G (X M)
GDP = 13,014 = 9,265 + 1,497 + 2,583 - 348 *
C + I + G - (X-M)
, , , ,
72% + 11% + 20% - 3%
* Net exports bottomed out at ($757) or 5 7% in the 3rd quarter of 2006
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 4Source: BEA 3rd Qtr (billions inflation adjusted dollars – base 2005)
Net exports bottomed out at ($757) or 5.7% in the 3 quarter of 2006
How much GDP makes us happy?
C + I + G (X M)
GDP = 13,014 = 9,265 + 1,497 + 2,583 - 348 *
C + I + G - (X-M)
, , , ,
72% + 11% + 20% - 3%
* Net exports bottomed out at ($757) or 5 7% in the 3rd quarter of 2006
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 5Source: BEA 3rd Qtr (billions inflation adjusted dollars – base 2005)
Net exports bottomed out at ($757) or 5.7% in the 3 quarter of 2006
A very difficult # to get a handle onReal GDPReal GDP
14,000Billions of $s
10,000
12,000
8,000
,
6,000
4,000
Source: WF Ag Industries BEA
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 6
2,000Apr-59 Apr-69 Apr-79 Apr-89 Apr-99 Apr-09
Source: WF Ag Industries, BEA
Another viewLogarithm of Inflation Adjusted GDPLogarithm of Inflation Adjusted GDP
9.5
y = 0.0026x + 6.1223R2 = 0.9939
9.1
9.3
8.7
8.9
8.5
8.1
8.3
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 7
7.9Apr-59 Apr-69 Apr-79 Apr-89 Apr-99 Apr-09
Source: BEA, Wells Fargo Ag Industries
“Blinded by the lately”GDP ChGDP Change
Year over Year8%
6%
2%
4%
0%
4%
-2%
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 8
-4%Apr-59 Apr-69 Apr-79 Apr-89 Apr-99 Apr-09Source: FRED, Wells Fargo Ag Industries
How does the US economy grow?
Long-term GDP growth is 2.7% Output grows with inputs and productivityLarger labor pool 0.4%More capital invested 0.9%Productivity gains 1.3%y g
A recession temporarily reduces demand not supply capacitysupply capacity
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 9
If you don’t have productivity …R l GDP G th R tReal GDP Growth Rate
4 0
4.5
Annual percent
Productivity Capital Hours
3 0
3.5
4.0
2.5
3.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
1.0
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 10
-1950-1974 1975-1982 1983-1991 1992-2002 2003-2008 2009-2014 2015-2019
Source: CBO, Wells Fargo Ag Industries
Can fiscal and monetary i i ll k?intervention really work?
And, at what cost?
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Does it make sense?History + futures
Fed Funds8
9
6
7
4
5
2
3
0
1
Jan 90 Jan 93 Jan 96 Jan 99 Jan 02 Jan 05 Jan 08 Jan 11
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 12
Jan-90 Jan-93 Jan-96 Jan-99 Jan-02 Jan-05 Jan-08 Jan-11Source: FRED, Wells Fargo Ag Industries
Water everywhere, but not a drop to drink
M2 Money Supply GrowthYear overYear Pct
8
10 Year Pct
6
4
2
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 13
0Jan-90 Jan-93 Jan-96 Jan-99 Jan-02 Jan-05 Jan-08Source: FRED, Wells Fargo Ag Industries
This won’t turn-out like they hopeGovernment Fiscal Stimulus
300
12 month average
260
28012 month average -
Billions $s
Spending
220
240
180
200 Revenues
160
180
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 14
140Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09
Source: WF, CBO
The Federal Reserve must have Alzheimer’s U l t d I fl tiUnemployment and Inflation
14%Percentage Inflation
10%
12%
8% Unemployment
4%
6%
2%
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 15
0%1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008
Source: BLS, Wells Fargo Ag Industries
What drives the value of the dollar?
Trade surplus or deficit Relative interest rates Real interest (nominal less inflation) Risk of investment
Stability of government issuing theStability of government issuing the money
Expectations of traders Expectations of traders
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 16
This one they don’t controlSUS Trade Weighted Dollar
150
C l
130
140 Cycle
100
110
120
80
90
100
60
70
80Trend
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 17
1-73 1-78 1-83 1-88 1-93 1-98 1-03 1-08Source: Federal Reserve, Wells Fargo Economics
For a quarter century this modelFor a quarter century this model worked. Now what?
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 1818
DCF: Discounted Cash Flow Model
10 Year Treasury v. CPI
14%Percent
10%
12%
%
6%
8%
10%10 Yr
4%
6%
0%
2%Inflation
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 19
-2%1953 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Source: Wells Fargo
DCF: Discounted Cash Flow Model Cap Rate: Trend + Cycle + Random NoiseCap Rate: Trend + Cycle + Random Noise
16
18
14
16
BAA
12
8
10
AAA
6
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 20
4Sep-59 Sep-69 Sep-79 Sep-89 Sep-99 Sep-09
Asset strategy: Trend v. Cycle
Cycle Buy at tops of cycles Sell at bottom of cycles
Trend Falling: Leverage up and buyg g p y Stable: Neutral leverage / asset selective Rising: Leverage down and sell average s g e e age do a d se a e age
and sub-par Random noise
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 21
Random noise
So why a recovery?y y
And for who?And for who?
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 2222
All models are wrongAll models are wrong.Some are useful.
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 2323
Accelerating global demand
Economic activity
Food
Productivity++ Food
TechnologyR&D
Investment Energy
Other
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 24
Climbing up Maslow’s hierarchyGl b l E i A ti itGlobal Economic Activity
35,000Billions of USD
25,000
30,000
World ex US
15 000
20,000
World ex US and China
10,000
15,000US
5,000 China
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 25
-1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Source: USDA, Wells Fargo Ag Industries
Will you bet against it?G GGlobal Economic Growth
16
18Year over Year Pct
12
14 China
6
8
10
World ex US
2
4
6 US
4
-2
0US
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 26
-41978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008Source: USDA, Wells Fargo Ag Industries
The net/net is very positive
Global Per Capita Real GDP$8,000
$7,000
$7,500
$6,000
$6,500
$5 000
$5,500
$4,500
$5,000
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 27
$4,0001969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
Source: USDA, Wells Fargo Ag Industries
How will it hit agriculture and How will it hit agriculture and credit?
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 2828
(Un?)intended Consequence
AgricultureInputcostcost
OutputExpected
Profit
30%
++
LandEnergy
Outputvalue
Cost offood
100%
LandValues
food
Global economic growth
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 29
g
Guess what? Feedback, delay and noisePetroleum Product Supplied
52 Week Average
21.00Millions
20.50
20.75Millions
of Barrels
20.00
20.25
19 25
19.50
19.75
18 75
19.00
19.25A bottom
has formed
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 30
18.75Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09
Source: EIA, Wells Fargo Ag Economics
Convergence: Temporary or permanent?Nearby Crude Oil v Corn
160$s per barrel
800
120
140
600
700
80
100
400
500
40
60
200
300
20
40
100
200
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 31
0Nov-99 Nov-00 Nov-01 Nov-02 Nov-03 Nov-04 Nov-05 Nov-06 Nov-07 Nov-08 Nov-09Source: NYMEX, Wells Fargo Economics
-
What do correlations reallyWhat do correlations reallyrepresent?p
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 3232
One of these things is not like the others
US Supply and Demand Estimates05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 Change
Beginning stocks: 2.1 2.0 1.3 1.6 2.6 0.9 Production 11.1 10.5 13.0 12.1 13.0 0.9
Co-products 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 0 1 1 0 1
Corn
Co-products 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.1 Imports 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -
Total supply 13.2 12.5 14.4 14.7 16.6 1.9 Feed 6.2 5.6 5.9 5.4 5.4 - Ethanol 1 6 2 1 3 0 3 8 4 2 0 5Ethanol 1.6 2.1 3.0 3.8 4.2 0.5 Other 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 (0.0) Exports 2.1 2.1 2.4 1.8 2.2 0.5
Total use 11.3 11.2 12.7 12.1 13.0 0.9 E di t k 2 0 1 3 1 6 2 6 3 6 1 0Ending stocks 2.0 1.3 1.6 2.6 3.6 1.0
Crop Year Billions of Bushels
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 33
They don’t run – just for funI Eth l S dIowa Ethanol Spread
Gross Revenue - Feedstock+NG
$2.75
$3.00
Per Bushel basis
$2.25
$2.50
$2.75
$1.50
$1.75
$2.00 High cost break-evens
$0 75
$1.00
$1.25
$0.25
$0.50
$0.75
Efficient
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 34
$-Oct-06 Apr-07 Oct-07 Apr-08 Oct-08 Apr-09 Oct-09
Source: Wells Fargo Ag Economics, USDA AMS
break-evens
The worm always turnsIowa Ethanol Revenue v. Feedstock
$10
Per bushel
$8
$9 basis
$7revenue
$5
$6
$4 feedstock
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 35
$3Oct-06 Feb-07 Jun-07 Oct-07 Feb-08 Jun-08 Oct-08 Feb-09 Jun-09 Oct-09Source: Wells Fargo Ag Economics, USDA AMS
Commodities prices will “trend hi h ” b t “ l i l tl ”higher” but “cycle violently”
with the global economy
Prices don’t confuse the “effect” for the “cause”
Implication for Livestock Huge future growth
Global populationp p Global economic activity
Proprietary intellectual property Animal biology is complex relative to crops Animal biology is complex relative to crops
Genetics Practices
Barriers to entry grow Barriers to entry grow Most value-added occurs off-farm Battle for the “hearts and minds” Battle for the hearts and minds Animal welfare and restrictions Carbon taxes
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 37
Carbon taxes
Living a fool’s paradiseI fl ti C tInflation Components
225
Index
AllB f
205
215 BeefPoultryPorkDairy
175
185
195Dairy
155
165
175
135
145
155
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 38
135Sep-99 Sep-00 Sep-01 Sep-02 Sep-03 Sep-04 Sep-05 Sep-06 Sep-07 Sep-08 Sep-09Source: BLS, Wells Fargo
Not sustainable – expect a hysteresis development
Cattle to Corn Price ratio
50
55Beef cattle price per cwt
/ bushel of corn
40
45
30
35
20
25
10
15
20
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 39
10Jan-94 Jan-96 Jan-98 Jan-00 Jan-02 Jan-04 Jan-06 Jan-08
Source: Wells Fargo Ag Industries
A long way from workingMilk t C P i R tiMilk to Corn Price Ratio
10All Milk per CWT
/ All Corn per bushel
8
9/ All Corn per bushel
6
7
4
5
2
3
4
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 40
2Jan-94
Jan-95
Jan-96
Jan-97
Jan-98
Jan-99
Jan-00
Jan-01
Jan-02
Jan-03
Jan-04
Jan-05
Jan-06
Jan-07
Jan-08
Jan-09
Source: WF Ag Industries
Remember fixed cost barriers
Hog to Corn Price ratio35
Hog price per cwt / bushel of corn
25
30
20
10
15
5
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 41
-Jan-94 Jan-96 Jan-98 Jan-00 Jan-02 Jan-04 Jan-06 Jan-08
Source: Wells Fargo Ag Industries
Their row has yet to be hoed
Egg to Corn Price ratio2.25
Price dozen eggs / bushel of corn
1.75
2.00
1.50
1.00
1.25
0.75
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 42
0.50Jan-94 Jan-96 Jan-98 Jan-00 Jan-02 Jan-04 Jan-06 Jan-08
Source: Wells Fargo Ag Industries
Row crop implications
Food, fuel and fiber Great demand but who supplies it? Comparative versus competitive advantage Comparative versus competitive advantage
Fuel is the wildcard Carbon tax collateral damage Technological change Technological change Can we export biofuels?
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 43
Increasing volatility has consequences
All commodities will have greater price volatilityM i “ i ” Margin management v. “guessing” Risk management is never freeg Deleveraging has a financial cost
The “knowing doing gap” The knowing doing gap Averages mean nothing Timing Inter-industry competitiveness
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 44
E h dEverything is connected.
We just can’t see it.
Every new economic action comes from some other economic action’s end
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 45
Cary SandellVice PresidentWells Fargo Food & AgribusinessWells Fargo Food & Agribusiness1248 “O” StreetLincoln NE 68508Lincoln, NE 68508
Ph (402) 434 4117Phone: (402) 434-4117Email: cary.sandell@wellsfargo.com
Wells Fargo Ag Industries - 46
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