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© Copyright. Thom
pson Educational Publishing, Inc.36
Kinesiology: An Introduction to Exercise Science—
Teacher’s Manual
OVERALL EXPECTATION: Social Change and Current Issues Page
A1 Demonstrate an understanding of how the social and cultural significance of physical activity and sport has evolved historically, and analyse current social issues relating to physical activity and sport
Chapter 1: Introducing Kinesiology: Physical Activity and Sport Today 2
Chapter 2: The History of Physical Activity and Sport 34
Chapter 3: Business, Physical Activity, and Sport 66
Chapter 4: Ethical Issues, Physical Activity, and Sport 90
Specific Expectations
A1.1 Describe how the role of physical activity and sport in society has evolved historically, with reference to key events and trends, changing views of the social role and value of physical activity and sport (e.g., physical activity as a requirement for meeting basic survival needs, sport as military training, athletic competition as an end in itself, emergence of health and physical education as part of the school curriculum, recognition of physical activity and/or sport as an essential foundation for personal lifelong fitness, recognition of physical literacy as an essential foundation for living a healthy active life), and the contributions of individuals, including prominent Canadians
1.1 A Sound Mind in a Healthy Body 4
1.4 Physical Literacy—The Role of Schools and Communities 18
Special Feature: Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD) 22
1.5 The Study of Kinesiology and Its Benefits 24
Prominent Canadians: Clara Hughes: “Let’s talk about mental health” 30
2.1 The Early History of Physical Activity and Sport 36
Special Feature: Aboriginal Peoples in the Americas 41
2.2 The Revival of the Olympic Games 42
Special Feature: The Paralympics and the Special Olympics 46
2.3 The Rise of Professional Sport and Athletic Competition 48
Special Feature: Terry Fox: A Canadian Hero 53
2.4 Women’s Gains in Physical Activity and Sport 54
Special Feature: Overcoming Racial Barriers in Sport 58
2.5 Government Initiatives to Promote Active, Healthy Living 60
Prominent Canadians: The Edmonton Grads 64
3.1 Professionals Versus Amateurs 68
3.2 Sport for Profit 70
Careers in Focus: Brenda Irving, CBC Sports Broadcaster 88
4.1 Gender-Based Inequities in Sport 92
4.5 Championing the Concept of “Fair Play” 108
Curriculum Correlation
Kinesiology: An Introduction to Exercise Science—
Teacher’s Manual
37 ©
Copyright. Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.
Special Feature: The International Committee for Fair Play (ICFP) 112
Prominent Canadians: Dr. Robert Jackson, Orthopedic Surgeon 160
Special Feature: Why Are East African Distance Runners So Dominant? 222
Prominent Canadians: Angela James, Hockey Superstar and Role Model 266
9.5 The Long-Term Athlete Development Model—Sport and Physical Activity for Life
288
Prominent Canadians: The 2012 Olympic Women’s Soccer Team 316
Prominent Canadians: Rick Hansen—“Man in Motion” 354
Prominent Canadians: Dr. David Lau, Endocrinologist 400
A1.2 Analyse selected social issues of current significance relating to physical activity and sport (e.g., more sedentary lifestyles, rising obesity rates, increased health care costs, violence in sport, cheating in sport, cost as a barrier to participation in physical activity and sports programs, early specialization versus participation in multiple sports for children and youth, inclusive versus specialized sports programs for persons with special needs)
1.1 A Sound Mind in a Healthy Body 4
Special Feature: Physical Inactivity, Worldwide 6
1.2 The Soaring Health-Care Costs of Inactivity 8
Special Feature: Overweight and Obese Populations, Worldwide 10
1.3 Overcoming Barriers to Physical Activity 12
Special Feature: “Lifestyle Diseases”—A Time for Change 16
1.5 The Study of Kinesiology and Its Benefits 24
Prominent Canadians: Clara Hughes: “Let’s talk about mental health” 30
Special Feature: The Paralympics and the Special Olympics 46
2.5 Government Initiatives to Promote Active, Healthy Living 60
Special Feature: Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation 96
4.2 The Ethics of Sponsorship and Advertising 98
4.3 Violence and Aggression in Sport 100
Special Feature: Spinal Cord Injuries and Concussions 102
4.4 Cheating in Sport 104
Special Feature: Do Athletes Who Cheat Deserve a Second Chance? 106
4.5 Championing the Concept of “Fair Play” 108
© Copyright. Thom
pson Educational Publishing, Inc.38
Kinesiology: An Introduction to Exercise Science—
Teacher’s Manual
Special Feature: The International Committee for Fair Play (ICFP) 112
Special Feature: Coronary Circulation and Coronary Disease 240
Special Feature: The Social Costs of Unhealthy Behaviours 389
Prominent Canadians: Dr. David Lau, Endocrinologist 400
Special Feature: The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 450
A1.3 Describe the scope of physical activity and sport in today’s economy (e.g., economic activity related to professional or recreational sports, tourism, sporting goods and outdoor activity equipment, media, instructional services, facilities), and identify a wide range of career opportunities in related fields (e.g., fitness instructor, health and physical education teacher, health promotion specialist, kinesiologist, physiotherapist, athletic therapist, sports professional, outdoor recreation instructor, wilderness guide, event organizer, dancer, choreographer, sports marketing specialist, fitness trainer, community recreation programmer or leader, holistic health practitioner)
1.5 The Study of Kinesiology and Its Benefits 24
3.1 Professionals Versus Amateurs 68
3.2 Sport for Profit 70
Special Feature: Sport Spin-Offs 75
3.3 Owner, Athlete, Agent, and Fans 76
Special Feature: Playing Sport for Money 78
3.4 The Influence of Media on Sport 80
Careers in Focus: Sarah Newman, Athletic Therapist 206
Careers in Focus: Trent Stellingwerff, Sports Physiologist 228
Careers in Focus: Geena Lee, YMCA Youth Leadership Advisor 292
11.4 Applying Knowledge of Biomechanics 332
Special Feature: Forensic Biomechanics 370
Careers in Focus: Daryl Devonish, Trainer and Wellness Coach 430
A1.4 Analyse the impacts on individuals and society of business involvement in physical activity and sport (e.g., sponsorship of amateur teams and events, professionalization of sport, increased/decreased participation, changes in availability of facilities, dependence on advertising and sponsorship money, influence of endorsements by professional athletes, need for consumer awareness)
3.1 Professionals Versus Amateurs 68
3.2 Sport for Profit 70
3.3 Owner, Athlete, Agent, and Fans 76
Special Feature: Playing Sport for Money 78
3.4 The Influence of Media on Sport 80
3.5 Consumer Awareness Related to Physical Activity and Sport 84
4.2 The Ethics of Sponsorship and Advertising 98
CURRICU
LUM
CORRELATIO
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Kinesiology: An Introduction to Exercise Science—
Teacher’s Manual
39 ©
Copyright. Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.
OVERALL EXPECTATION: Participation—Influences and Benefits Page
A2 Demonstrate an understanding of the individual and social benefits of participation in physical activity and sport and the factors that enable and constrain participation.
Chapter 1: Introducing Kinesiology: Physical Activity and Sport Today 2
Chapter 2: The History of Physical Activity and Sport 34
Chapter 3: Business, Physical Activity, and Sport 66
Chapter 4: Ethical Issues, Physical Activity, and Sport 90
Specific Expectations
A2.1 Describe factors that influence participation in physical activity and sport (e.g., built environment, demographics, technology, social trends, social and cultural norms, role models, environmental conditions, personal perceptions of physical activity, motivation and perceptions of one’s own capabilities, physical and health literacy)
Special Feature: Physical Inactivity, Worldwide 6
1.2 The Soaring Health-Care Costs of Inactivity 8
1.3 Overcoming Barriers to Physical Activity 12
Special Feature: Why Are East African Distance Runners So Dominant? 222
Special Feature: Innovative Equipment Designs and the Paralympics 334
Prominent Canadians: Rick Hansen—“Man in Motion” 354
A2.2 Analyse the role of social and cultural factors (e.g., sex, racial and ethnic background, socioeconomic status, age distribution, range of abilities within the population) in determining access to physical activity and sports programs
Special Feature: The Paralympics and the Special Olympics 46
Special Feature: Terry Fox: A Canadian Hero 53
2.4 Women’s Gains in Physical Activity and Sport 54
Special Feature: Overcoming Racial Barriers in Sport 58
2.5 Government Initiatives to Promote Active, Healthy Living 60
Prominent Canadians: The Edmonton Grads 64
Careers in Focus: Brenda Irving, CBC Sports Broadcaster 88
4.1 Gender-Based Inequities in Sport 92
Prominent Canadians: Dr. Robert Jackson, Orthopedic Surgeon 160
Special Feature: Why Are East African Distance Runners So Dominant? 222
Prominent Canadians: Angela James, Hockey Superstar and Role Model 266
Special Feature: Innovative Equipment Designs and the Paralympics 334
© Copyright. Thom
pson Educational Publishing, Inc.40
Kinesiology: An Introduction to Exercise Science—
Teacher’s Manual
A2.3 Describe the benefits of school and community physical activity and sports programs for themselves and for society (e.g., increased opportunity for participation; increased fitness and better overall health; decreased stress, higher self-esteem, better mood, and generally improved mental health and well-being; better cognitive functioning; better school spirit; increased community cohesion; lower crime rates; lower health care costs; better workplace performance; decreased absenteeism)
1.1 A Sound Mind in A Healthy Body 4
1.4 Physical Literacy—The Role of Schools and Communities 18
Special Feature: Factors Affecting Physical Growth and Development 280
9.3 Cognitive Development 282
9.4 Stages of Social and Emotional Development 286
Careers in Focus: Geena Lee, YMCA Youth Leadership Advisor 292
CURRICU
LUM
CORRELATIO
N
Kinesiology: An Introduction to Exercise Science—
Teacher’s Manual
41 ©
Copyright. Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.
OVERALL EXPECTATION: Anatomy and Physiology Page
B1 Describe the structure and function of major body systems involved in human movement, and demonstrate an understanding of related anatomical and physiological concepts and theories
Chapter 5: The Skeletal and Articular Systems 116
Chapter 6: The Muscular System 162
Chapter 7: Energy Systems and Physical Activity 208
Chapter 8: The Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems 230
Specific Expectations
B1.1 Use correct anatomical terminology to describe human movement (e.g., anatomical position, body planes and axes, basic movement terms such as flexion and extension, terms pertaining to body position such as anterior and superior)
5.1 Using Anatomical Terminology 118
Special Feature: Describing Movement at Joints 122
B1.2 Identify the major muscles and bones of the musculoskeletal system (e.g., according to their location, origin and insertion, structure, function), and describe the ways in which they interact to create movement (e.g., flexion, extension, adduction, abduction)
5.2 The Human Skeleton 124
5.3 The Structure of the Skeleton 126
5.4 Bone Injuries and Bone Disease 128
Special Feature: Gray’s Anatomy, 1858 144
6.1 The Musculoskeletal System 164
6.2 The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle 170
Special Feature: The Nervous System and the Control of Movement 175
6.3 Muscle and Tendon Injuries 176
B1.3 Demonstrate an understanding of the articular system (e.g., function, components, types of joints and their advantages and disadvantages, joint mechanics), and explain the role of different kinds of joints in facilitating movement (e.g., the elbow as a hinge joint allows for flexion and extension as seen in a biceps curl or a chest pass in basketball; the shoulder as a ball-and-socket joint allows for various movements such as abduction and adduction as seen in a butterfly stroke, flexion and extension as seen in bowling a bocce ball, and medial and lateral rotation as seen in a forearm tennis stroke)
5.5 The Different Types of Human Joints 146
5.6 Types of Synovial Joints 148
5.7 Characteristics of Synovial Joints 150
5.8 Joint-Related Injuries 152
Special Feature: Shoulder Joint 254
Special Feature: Knee Joint 256
Special Feature: Ankle Joint 258
© Copyright. Thom
pson Educational Publishing, Inc.42
Kinesiology: An Introduction to Exercise Science—
Teacher’s Manual
B1.4 Explain the chemical and physical processes involved in muscle contraction, as described by the excitation-contraction coupling theory and the sliding filament theory (e.g., the role of neurotransmitters and calcium ions in stimulating contraction, of adenosine triphosphate [ATP] in providing energy for contraction, and of myosin and actin in producing contraction), and describe how skeletal muscles work to create movement (e.g., the role of agonistic and antagonistic muscle pairs and concentric and eccentric contractions in controlling movement; the role of differences in muscle fibre types and recruitment sequence in controlling contraction strength)
6.1 The Musculoskeletal System 164
6.2 The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle 170
6.4 The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction 178
Special Feature: Excitation-Contraction Coupling 180
6.5 Reflexes, Proprioception, and Movement 182
Special Feature: The Stretch Reflex 187
B1.5 Describe the three energy systems (ATP-PC [adenosine triphosphate phosphocreatine], anaerobic, and aerobic), and explain their contribution to muscle contraction and energy production during physical activity of different intensity and/or duration (e.g., the ATP-PC system is used for high intensity activities of very short duration [up to approximately ten seconds] that require short bursts of energy; the anaerobic system is used for moderate to high intensity activities of moderate duration [up to thirty to fifty seconds]; and the aerobic system is used for lower intensity activities of longer duration [more than two minutes])
7.2 ATP—The Common Energy Molecule 212
7.3 Pathway 1: ATP-PC (Anaerobic Alactic) 214
7.4 Pathway 2: Glycolysis (Anaerobic Lactic) 216
7.5 Pathway 3: Cellular Respiration (Aerobic) 218
7.7 Muscle Fibre Types and Energy Systems 224
7.8 Muscle Fibre Types and Athletic Performance 226
B1.6 Explain how the cardiorespiratory system contributes to the functioning of working muscles (e.g., blood transports oxygen and energy-providing nutrients, like glucose, to working muscles and removes waste products, heat, and carbon dioxide from them; enhanced ability of cardiorespiratory system to transport oxygen helps to raise the anaerobic threshold and increases aerobic capacity, thus increasing muscular endurance)
8.1 The Heart 232
8.2 The Vascular System and Blood Flow 236
Special Feature: Coronary Circulation and Coronary Disease 240
8.3 Cardiovascular Dynamics 242
8.4 The Respiratory System 248
Special Feature: The Mechanisms of Breathing 250
8.6 Respiratory Dynamics 256
8.7 The Integration of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Functions 260
8.8 The Rest-to-Exercise Transition 262
8.5 Gas Exchange and O2 and CO2 Transport 252
CURRICU
LUM
CORRELATIO
N
Kinesiology: An Introduction to Exercise Science—
Teacher’s Manual
43 ©
Copyright. Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.
B1.7 Describe the acute and chronic effects of physical activity on the human body (e.g., acute: increased endorphin levels, increased heart rate and breathing frequency, increased stroke volume and cardiac output; chronic: muscular hypertrophy, increased cardiorespiratory endurance, increased muscle strength)
8.3 Cardiovascular Dynamics 242
Special Feature: The Cardiovascular Effects of Training 246
Special Feature: The Mechanisms of Breathing 250
8.6 Respiratory Dynamics 256
8.7 The Integration of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Functions 260
8.8 The Rest-to-Exercise Transition 262
© Copyright. Thom
pson Educational Publishing, Inc.44
Kinesiology: An Introduction to Exercise Science—
Teacher’s Manual
OVERALL EXPECTATION: Human Performance Page
B2 Demonstrate an understanding of and assess factors that affect performance during human movement.
Chapter 14: Nutrition for Human Performance 374
Chapter 15: Training and Human Performance 402
Chapter 16: Ergogenic Substances and Techniques 432
Specific Expectations
B2.1 Describe basic training principles (e.g., specificity, overload, progression, reversibility), and explain how various training methods (e.g., circuit training, cross-training, strength training, fartlek training, interval training) can be used to enhance individual health-related fitness or athletic performance (e.g., identifying and applying the training methods and principles that are best suited to achieving specific fitness, health, or physical activity goals; avoiding overtraining and ensuring proper recovery to prevent injury)
15.1 The F.I.T.T. Principle 404
Special Feature: Training Principles that Complement F.I.T.T. 408
15.2 Training Methods 410
Special Feature: Yoga and Pilates: Improving the Core 416
Special Feature: Factors Affecting Long-Term Athlete Development 422
15.4 Developing an Individualized Training Program 424
15.5 Fitness Appraisals and Training Programs 426
Special Feature: The CSEP-PATH to Personalized Training 428
B2.2 Describe intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can affect performance during physical activity (e.g., intrinsic: motivation, experience, self-efficacy, imagery/visualization, fatigue, goal-setting; extrinsic: environmental conditions such as altitude and weather)
10.3 The Psychological Component of Skill Acquisition 302
10.4 Psychological Skills Training 304
10.5 LTAD Stages and Mental Fitness Development 308
Special Feature: Constraints Affecting Skill Development 310
10.6 The Role of the Coach 312
Prominent Canadians: The 2012 Olympic Women’s Soccer Team 316
15.3 Environmental Factors and Training 418
Special Feature: Factors Affecting Long-Term Athlete Development 422
15.4 Developing an Individualized Training Program 424
15.5 Fitness Appraisals and Training Programs 426
Special Feature: The CSEP-PATH to Personalized Training 428
CURRICU
LUM
CORRELATIO
N
Kinesiology: An Introduction to Exercise Science—
Teacher’s Manual
45 ©
Copyright. Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.
B2.3 Describe the role of nutrition in supporting physical activity (e.g., healthy nutrition maintains the nutrient balance needed to meet daily activity requirements; macronutrients provide energy and build muscle; micronutrients and hydration help the body function effectively), and assess the nutritional needs of individuals or specific groups within the population in relation to their activity levels
7.1 Three Key Energy Nutrients 210
7.6 Fats and Protein as Energy Sources 220
14.1 Macronutrients 376
14.2 Micronutrients 380
Special Feature: Canada’s Food Guide and Regulated Food Labelling 383
14.3 Energy Balance and Body Weight 384
14.4 Estimating Daily Caloric Need Based on RMR 386
14.5 Effect of Exercise on Fat Loss and Muscle Gain 390
Special Feature: The Female Athlete Triad 392
14.6 Nutrition for Optimal Performance 394
14.7 Hydration and Fluid Intake 396
B2.4 Assess the effects of various ergogenic (performance-enhancing) methods, substances, and equipment on human performance (e.g., nutritional aids, such as caffeine or herbal supplements; pharmacological aids, such as anabolic steroids or pain-masking drugs; physiological aids, such as blood doping; psychological aids, such as relaxation or meditation; mechanical aids, such as performance-enhancing equipment)
10.3 The Psychological Component of Skill Acquisition 302
10.4 Psychological Skills Training 304
10.5 LTAD Stages and Mental Fitness Development 308
Special Feature: Constraints Affecting Skill Development 310
Special Feature: Innovative Equipment Designs and the Paralympics 334
16.1 Nutritional Aids and Human Performance 434
Special Feature: Sport Foods and Energy Drinks 438
16.2 Pharmacological and Physiological Aids 440
16.3 Technological Innovation and Ergogenic Aids 444
Special Feature: The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 450
© Copyright. Thom
pson Educational Publishing, Inc.46
Kinesiology: An Introduction to Exercise Science—
Teacher’s Manual
OVERALL EXPECTATION: The Mechanics of Movement Page
C1 Demonstrate an understanding of the phases of movement and of physical laws and biomechanical principles related to improving movement
Chapter 11: Biomechanical Theory and Concepts 318
Chapter 12: The Seven Principles of Biomechanics 336
Chapter 13: Analyzing the Efficiency of Human Movement 356
Specific Expectations
C1.1 Explain basic laws and concepts of physics that relate to human movement (e.g., the concept of force and its relationship to motion, Newton’s three laws of motion, types of motion, levers and the law of levers)
11.1 The Study of Biomechanics 320
11.2 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion 322
Special Feature: Levers in the Human Body 326
11.3 The Laws of Physics and Types of Motion 328
Special Feature: What Makes Usain Bolt Run So Fast? 344
C1.2 Describe the biomechanical principles that govern stability and human movement (e.g., stability, maximization of force, linear motion, angular motion), and explain how they can be applied to improve a movement or skill
12.1 Static and Dynamic Systems 338
12.2 Stability (Principle 1) 340
12.3 Maximum Effort (Principles 2 and 3) 342
Special Feature: What Makes Usain Bolt Run So Fast? 344
12.4 Linear Motion (Principles 4 and 5) 346
12.5 Angular Motion (Principles 6 and 7) 350
C1.3 Use appropriate laws of physics and/or biomechanical principles (e.g., Newton’s third law of motion, principles of maximization of force and angular motion) to analyse and improve the effectiveness or quality of a movement pattern used in a physical activity (e.g., sprint start in track or swimming, overhead pass in volleyball, pirouette in a dance sequence)
11.4 Applying Knowledge of Biomechanics 332
Special Feature: What Makes Usain Bolt Run So Fast? 344
13.1 Analyzing Functional Movement 358
13.2 Qualitative Analysis of Human Movement 360
13.3 Quantitative Analysis of Human Movement 362
Special Feature: Own the Podium—Quantitative Analysis Pays Off 364
13.4 Analyzing Human Movement: Four Examples 366
C1.4 Apply their knowledge of the phases of movement to analyse movement patterns and enhance skill development in a variety of physical activities
10.2 Skills Development and Analysis 298
CURRICU
LUM
CORRELATIO
N
Kinesiology: An Introduction to Exercise Science—
Teacher’s Manual
47 ©
Copyright. Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.
OVERALL EXPECTATION: Growth and Motor Development Page
C2 Demonstrate an understanding of human growth and motor development, and apply it to the design of age-appropriate movement activities and to the enhancement of movement skills.
Chapter 9: Human Growth and Development 270
Chapter 10: Motor Learning and Skill Acquisition 294
Specific Expectations
C2.1 Identify the stages of human growth and development from infancy to adulthood, and describe the factors (e.g., heredity, nutrition, physical activity, physical and social environment) that affect physical growth and motor development
9.1 Change, Growth, and Development 272
9.2 The Stages of Human Development 276
Special Feature: Factors Affecting Physical Growth and Development 280
9.3 Cognitive Development 282
9.4 Stages of Social and Emotional Development 286
9.5 The Long-Term Athlete Development Model—Sport and Physical Activity for Life
288
Careers in Focus: Geena Lee, YMCA Youth Leadership Advisor 292
C2.2 Demonstrate the ability to design a movement-based activity appropriate to a particular age and stage of development
9.6 Designing Movement-Based Activities for Different Ages, Stages, and Ability Levels
290
C2.3 Describe the stages of psychomotor learning (i.e., cognitive, associative, autonomous) and the role of feedback and transferability (e.g., similarity of the ready position in basketball to that in cricket and field hockey) in facilitating skill acquisition
10.1 Basic Principles of Motor Learning and Skill Acquisition 296
10.2 Skills Development and Analysis 298
Special Feature: Fundamental Movement Skills and Skill Transferability 300
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