current state and prospects of materials science research - phdassistance
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Copyright © 2021 Phdassistance. All rights reserved 1
Current State and Prospects of Materials
Science Research
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, Phdassistance info@phdassistance.com
Keywords: Research, materials science, publications,
materials research, perovskite oxides, Biomaterials,
polymers, bioplastics, metals and alloys, Ceramic
I. INTRODUCTION.
Materials is a vast and critical area of expertise and
techniques that is an integral cornerstone of
contemporary technical societies, not a particular
discipline. In this way, materials parallel other broad
fields like energy, electronics, and medical science,
where each spans several disciplines and is marked by
scientific ferment and societal influence. If materials
science is conducted on a small, moderate, or large
scale, the people’s quality is directly related to the
researcher doing it.
This report uses analysis to gain insight into the present
state and future possibilities of materials research.
II. RECENT RESEARCH TRENDS OF
MATERIALS SCIENCE RESEARCH
i) Nanomaterials
lot of interest and anticipation in recent years.
Nanostructures are also suitable for computer
simulation and modelling because their scale is small
enough to allow for a high level of rigour in treatment.
In nanomaterials computations, the spatial scaling
ranges from 1 to 1 mm, and the temporal scaling ranges
from 1 fs to 1 s, with the precision limit exceeding 1
kcal mol-1
. Two examples of recent successes and
paradigm changes in this area are STM images of
quantum dots (e.g., a germanium pyramid on a silicon
surface) and the quantum corral of 48 Fe atoms
arranged in a circle of 7.3 nm radius. [1]. However,
tunable Superhydrophobicity from 3D Hierarchically
NanoWrinkled MicroPyramidal Architectures was
recently reported by Weixin Zhang and collaborators.
With a touch angle of 172° and a sliding angle of 5° in
a steady “Lotus” state, excellent Superhydrophobicity is
achieved due to multiscale structures. Furthermore, the
wear resistance and stability measurements indicate that
the material will outperform in simulated extreme real-
world applications [2].
Nanomaterials science and technology have sparked a
Table 1. Various nanomaterial synthesis and investigation approaches
Scale (approx.) Synthetic techniques Structural tools Theory and simulation
0.1–10 nm Covalent synthesis Diffraction methods,
Vibrational spectroscopy,
NMR, Scanning probe
microscopies (SPM)
Electronic structure
<1–100 nm Self-assembly techniques Self-assembly techniques Molecular dynamics and
mechanics
100 nm–1 mm Processing, modifications SEM, TEM Coarse-grained models,
hopping etc.
Copyright © 2021 Phdassistance. All rights reserved 2
ii) Energy materials
Stabilising a consistent and renewable electricity supply
to satisfy the world’s rising energy demands is one of
the biggest problems of the twenty-first century. With
the introduction of renewable energies, there is a new
market for energy storage facilities. Perovskite oxides
are valuable functional materials with outstanding
physical and chemical properties used in ferroelectric,
piezoelectric, dielectric, energy conversion and storage,
and other applications. Oxygen evolution reaction,
oxygen reduction reaction, electrochemical water
splitting, metal-air batteries, solid-state batteries,
oxygen separation membrane, and solid oxide fuel cells
are some of the newer uses of perovskite oxides. While
various behaviour descriptors for perovskite oxides
have been published, such as the number of d electrons,
Eg occupancy, bulk-forming energy, metal-oxygen
covalency, and the location of the O–p band gravity
core, there is still a need for the world and feasible
reactivity descriptor.
Furthermore, high-throughput DFT calculations,
machine learning, and artificial intelligence help speed
up exploring new materials. Perovskite oxides’
drawbacks include low electronic conductivity at room
temperature and instability in acidic environments.
Adding a certain volume of metals or creating
composites with strong electronic conductors, such as
carbon nanotubes, graphene, or Mxenes, is one efficient
way to increase electronic conductivity. Nanostructured
materials with higher surface area and more open
reactive sites usually perform better than bulk materials
[3].
iii) Biomaterials
Biomaterials have a lot of potential for addressing
COVID-19’s problems. Even though tissue engineering
and regenerative medicine have long dominated the
field of biomaterials, new research shows promise in
offering transformative solutions to viral outbreaks [4].
Clinical perspectives are exchanged to identify current
healthcare needs better than biomaterials technologies
can address. The most popular screening patient
samples for current SARS-CoV-2 infection is nucleic
acid testing via reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR). Nanostructures may be built to
replicate living cells in a different nanomaterials-
centred approach. Nanodecoys constructed from cell
membrane-derived materials are used to trap and
sequester viruses. Biomaterials provide several
possibilities for overcoming the shortcomings of current
clinical techniques (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Treatment of COVID-19 using biomaterials.
Copyright © 2021 Phdassistance. All rights reserved 3
Nanodecoys engineered to capture and sequester virus
may be inserted directly into the bloodstream (top left).
In contrast, drug-loaded nanoparticles can be
formulated as inhalants to administer medications to
lung tissue locally (top right). Extracorporeal blood
therapies may replenish O2 (bottom right), modulate
immune signalling by removing or
supplementingproinflammatory cytokines, or eliminate
virus particles directly from the bloodstream (bottom
left) [4]
iv) Polymers and plastics
Plasticisers have long been recognised for producing
lightweight plastics in various industries, including the
automobile industry, medical devices, and consumer
goods. Because of the constantly evolving spectrum of
bio-based and biodegradable polymers and rising
interest in investing in the bioplastics market, global
bioplastics output capacities are difficult to predict and
are typically based on prediction. Natural polymers
such as cellulose derivatives, thermoplastic starch
(TPS), and their blends have the largest processing
potential, as these components are increasingly
replacing plastics in the lightweight film packaging
industry. Bio monomers-derived glucose fermentation
or lignin fermentation have also been used to produce
commonly used commodity polymers, including
polyethene terephthalate, polyamide, and
polypropylene, including polyethene terephthalate,
polyamide, and polypropylene for the revival of Bio-
PET, Bio-PA, and Bio-PP, respectively. Using
unaccounted biomass as a valuable resource and
rationally engineering bioplastics to impart optimal
versatility and recyclability would provide a sustainable
bioplastics production value chain [5].
Figure 2. A diagram depicting the technical methods used in the production of industrial bioplastics
(shaded in blue: biodegradable polymers derived from oil-based resources).
v) Metals and alloys
Stainless steel, titanium and its alloys, cobalt alloys,
and other metals and alloys have all been used
clinically as implant components. Still, contamination
or inflammation caused by the implant is also one of the
leading causes of implantation failure. Antibacterial
metals and alloys have recently gained popularity due
to their long-term antibacterial stability, strong
mechanical properties, and biocompatibility.
Antibacterial stainless steel, antibacterial titanium alloy,
antibacterial zinc and alloy, antibacterial magnesium
and alloy, antibacterial cobalt alloy, and other
antibacterial metals and alloys were defined in detail, as
well as recent advances in the design and manufacture
of antibacterial metal alloys containing various
antibacterial agents. Figure 3 indicates the number of
publications included in Web of Science searches for
antibacterial or antimicrobial study.
Copyright © 2021 Phdassistance. All rights reserved 4
Figure. 3. Web of Science was used to search for antibacterial scientific publications. a) antibacterial or
antimicrobial in the topic, b) antibacterial metal, antibacterial steel, and antibacterial titanium in the topic
[6]
vi) Ceramics
Ceramic-based energy storage materials have
significant benefits over polymer energy storage
materials, such as outstanding thermal stability, long
life span, and cycle time. Dielectric capacitors, which
have the fastest charging/discharging rate and the
highest power density for existing energy storage
devices such as supercapacitors, batteries, and
electrolytic capacitors, are allowing electric energy
devices. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is a common
piezoelectric material that enables the synthesis of
many materials with a broad range of properties due to
the formulation of solid solutions over a wide range of
Zr: Ti ratios. Also, this system accommodates a wide
range of dopants for modification of crystal structure.
This method also supports a wide variety of dopants for
crystal structure alteration. Because of its versatility,
PZT has become very popular with users and
researchers all over the world. Some lead-free piezo
material structures have been investigated, including
BNT, BKT, KNN, and BZT-BCT. However, the
advancement of lead-free piezo devices and their
success with PZT devices is still in the early stages.
III. FUTURE SCOPE
i) It is critical to developing cost-effective, cheaper, and
safer nanomaterials that will provide efficient drug
loading and managed drug release of certain difficult
drug moieties for which no other viable delivery
method exists.
ii) Despite the tremendous success, developing
effective and controllable approaches to the scalable
synthesis of nanostructured perovskite oxides remains a
challenge. It is critical for commercialising effective
oxygen electrocatalysts for electrochemical energy
storage and conversion technologies. A
multidisciplinary methodology involving conventional
electrochemistry, experimental solid-state chemistry
and physics, advanced characterisation, and multiscale
computational modelling will be needed for future
advances in this exciting area.
iii) To the environmental risk of potential pandemics,
masks made of biodegradable materials or used for
several purposes must be designed.
iv) Cells and tissues are unaffected by antibacterial
stainless steel, antibacterial titanium alloys, and
antibacterial cobalt alloys. Surface biomodification to
increase or enhance cell response is also needed,
resulting in decreased antibacterial activity. As a result,
the choice of surface biomodification and its effect on
cell reaction and antibacterial activity should be
thoroughly investigated. Even though many
antibacterial pathways have been thoroughly explored
so far, the antibacterial process remains a mystery. As a
result, the production and preparation of antibacterial
metal alloys are also heavily reliant on element
alloying, including the appropriate Cu or Ag element.
REFERENCES
[1] Nanostructure Science and Technology, National
Science & Technology Council Report, ed. R. W.
Seigel, E. Hu and M. C. Roco, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Boston, 1999; M. C. Roco, R. S. Williams
and A. P. Alivisatos, Nanotechnology Research
Directions, National Science & Technology Council
Report, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2000.
[2] Zhang, W., Gao, J., Deng, Y., Peng, L., Yi, P., Lai,
X., Lin, Z., Tunable Superhydrophobicity from 3D
Hierarchically Nano‐Wrinkled Micro‐Pyramidal
Copyright © 2021 Phdassistance. All rights reserved 5
Architectures. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021,
2101068. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202101068
[3] Sun, C. W., Alonso, J. A., Bian, J. J., Recent
Advances in Perovskite‐Type Oxides for Energy
Conversion and Storage Applications. Adv. Energy
Mater. 2021, 11,
2000459. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000459
[4] Chakhalian, D, Shultz, RB, Miles, CE, Kohn,
J. Opportunities for biomaterials to address the
challenges of COVID‐19. J Biomed Mater
Res. 2020; 108: 1974–
1990. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.37059
[5] Saranya Ramesh Kumar, P. Shaiju, Kevin E.
O’Connor, Ramesh Babu P, Bio-based and
biodegradable polymers - State-of-the-art, challenges
and emerging trends, Current Opinion in Green and
Sustainable Chemistry, Volume 21, 2020, Pages 75-81,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2019.12.005.
[6] Erlin Zhang, Xiaotong Zhao, Jiali Hu, Ruoxian
Wang, Shan Fu, Gaowu Qin, Antibacterial metals and
alloys for potential biomedical implants, Bioactive
Materials, Volume 6, Issue 8, 2021, Pages 2569-2612.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.030.
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