css foundations, pt 2
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22-3375 Web Design I // Columbia College Chicago
CSS Foundations, pt 2
Review
Three different approaches to applying your css to the html
How the browser interprets the “cascade” of style rules
How to write CSS rules
How to add class and id selectors to your html for more styling control
What is css and how it’s relationship to your html files
Understand basic css properties for text styling
How to add css to your document
External (linked)
Internal <head>
There are 2 basic ways to add styles to your html page:
<head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css"></head>
Except in special circumstances, best practice is to keep all your styles in a separate css document.
Linked stylesheets can be applied across multiple documents and sites.
External
<head> <style> p {color: red} </style></head>
You can add styles directly into your html page using the “style” element in the <head> of your document.
Embedded styles apply ONLY to that html document.
Internal (embedded)
<p style=”color: red”>Red Text</tag>
You can add styles directly into your html markup using the “style” attribute on opening tag of your element. This is called an “inline” style.
Inline styles apply ONLY to that specific instance of the element.
Internal (inline)
Best Practice
In most cases you should use the external method of adding styles to your html page.
Writing the css in the <head> of your document is acceptable if you definitely only want to apply the styles to a single page.
However, adding your styles “inline” — inside a html starting tag, e.g. <p style=”font-size: 14px”> — should be avoided.
Class Exercise
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download class tutorial files
create new css file in ‘review’ folder
link to the css file from review.html file
CSS Selectors
p Type (element)
# ID
. Class
body {declaration} p {declaration} h1 {declaration} ul {declaration}
The simplest selector is the type selector, which targets an html element by name.
Type (element) Selectors
The essential selector types (elements)
PrimaryStructure html body
BodyElements p br h1 – h6
ul ol a img div
FormattingElements em i strong b q blockquote span
div elements
Div elements allow you to group a set of elements together in one block-level element. !<div id=”head”> <a bunch of elements></> </div>
span elements
span elements are the inline equivalent of divs. !<p>Here is some text <span class=”red-text”> with a span</span> added.</p> Spans are the equivalent of ‘character’ styles in InDesign.
type selectors vs IDs & Classes
Type selectors use the tag names that are built into HTML.
IDs and classes use names that you define, and are added to html elements to make them more specific.
CSS #logo {declaration}"
HTML <img id=”logo” src=”” alt=””>
An ID is an html attribute that is added to your html markup. You reference that ID in your css with a hash.
ID Selectors
CSS .ingredients {declaration}"
HTML <ul class=”ingredients”>
A class is an html attribute that is added to your html markup. You reference that ID in your css with a period.
Class Selectors
IDs vs Classes
The most important difference between IDs and classes is that there can be only one ID on a page, but multiple classes.
An ID is more specific than a class.
An element can have both an ID and multiple classes.
IDs vs Classes
ID: #344-34-4344 Class: Male Class: Student
ID: #123-54-9877 Class: Female Class: Student
Descendant Selectors
CSS #sidebar .author {declaration}"
HTML
<div id=”sidebar”> <p class=”author”></p> </div>
A space between two selectors indicates a descendant selector. In the example above, the style is targeted to an element with the class “author” inside the id “sidebar”.
Multiple classes
CSS .ingredients.time {declaration}"
HTML
<div class=”ingredients time”> <h1></h1> </div>
Elements can have multiple classes, giving you more control. The are written in the CSS in the exact order they appear in the html, with no spaces.
Combining IDs and classes
CSS #wrapper.ingredients.time {declaration}"
HTML
<div id=”wrapper” class=”ingredients time”> <h1></h1> </div>
Elements can have both ids and classes. While an element can have only one id, it can have multiple classes.
Class Exercise
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Copy the following values from another site:
The Box Model:Defining the dimensions
There are five basic properties for defining your “boxes”:
display
width and height
padding
margins
border
CSS Box Model
All HTML elements can be considered as boxes or blocks. In CSS, the term "box model" is used when talking about design and layout.
The CSS box model is essentially a box that wraps around HTML elements, and it consists of: margins, borders, padding, and the actual content.
!
Inspect Element 3d view in Firefox
Total dimensions
The actual width or height of any object is the total of the content width, padding, borders, and margins.
.size-me { width: 200px; padding: 10px; border: 2px; margin: 20px; }"
The actual width: 254px
content: 200pxpadding-left: 10pxpadding-right: 10pxborder-right: 2pxborder-left: 2pxmargin-right: 20pxmargin-left: 20px
!
Display property
By default, certain elements in your html have a display property of inline or block.
Block elements takes up the full width available, and forces a line above and below. Examples include <p>, <div>, <ul>, <blockquote> and all headers.
<div></div>
<ul></ul>
<p></p>
Display property
Inline elements can be inserted within block elements or other inline elements and do no create additional space or line breaks. Examples include <img>, <em>, <strong>, <a>, and <span>.
<p></p>
<p>
<p></p>
<a></a> </p>
Display property
There are four values that you can give to the display property:
display: block;
display: inline;
display: inline-block;
display: none
!
Inline-block is a special value that allows an element to stay inline with its containing element, but allows you to control it’s dimensions as if it were a block element.
display: none removes the element.
Display property
For example, by default, a <li> element is set to display: block. If we change that value in our css to:
li {display: inline-block;}
Then this: Changes to this:
<ul>
<ul>
<li>
<li>
</li>
</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<li> </li> <li> </li>
Class Exercise
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1 Inline and Block
Class Exercise
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2 Borders and Margins
Defining dimension: width and height
You can set the width and height of any element that has a display property of block or inline-block.
As with type, you can set dimension in pixels (px), ems, or percentage (%). Setting any width with pixels is referred to as fixed-width, and setting width in ems or percentages is referred to as flexible-width.
.size-me { width: 200px; height: 200px; }
!
!
Defining dimension: min- and max-
Instead of absolutely defining the width and height of your elements, you can set minimum and maximum widths and heights.
This allows you to resize elements based on the browser or their parent elements. The idea of creating flexible content that adjusts to the user’s browser/device is at the core of what is referred to as responsive design.
.size-me { min-width: 200px; max-width: 100px; }"
Defining dimension: min-width and max-width
!
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Defining dimension: min-width and max-width
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Defining padding & margins
You can set the padding and margin properties of any element in css.
Margin and padding dimensions can be also pixels (px), ems, or percentage (%).
.space-me { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px;}
!
!
!
Defining padding & margins
While you can add padding and margins to inline elements, not all of your properties will apply (vertical spacing, see below).
!
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Collapsing margins
When two or more margins collapse, the resulting margin width is the maximum of the collapsing margins' widths.
In the example below, box1 has a taller margin than box2, so only that margin will be used (not added together). !!
CSS Shorthand
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2
3
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When setting sizes for padding, margins and borders, instead of this: .box { padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 15px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; }
Use this: .box { padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; }"
The values start at the top and go around the element clockwise. !
!
CSS Shorthand
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2
1
2
If your top/bottom and left/right values are the same, you can shorten the declaration even more: .box { padding: 10px 15px; }"
Where the first value is for the top and bottom, and the second is for left and right. !
!
Defining borders
You can create a border around any element with css; you can create the same border on each side, or customize the color, width and border style of each side.
!
There are 3 properties to define with each border:
border-width: 1px;
border-style: solid; (dotted, dashed, etc)
border color: #666666;
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CSS Shorthand
Borders can also be shortened, from this: .box { border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #888888 }"
to this: .box { border: 1px solid #888888; }"
Note that there is only a single space between each value, and they should follow the order shown above.
!
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Defining borders
h3 { border-bottom: 1px solid #444444;}
!
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Class Exercise
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3 Centered, Fixed-Width Page
The Box Model:Positioning
There are four basic declarations you can use to position your boxes:
float: left (or right)
position: relative
position: fixed
position: absolute
position: static
Static positioning is the default – this is referred to as the “normal flow”.
block boxes are positioned on a page one after the other (in the order they're written in the HTML). They start in the upper left of the containing box and stack from top to bottom. The distance between each box is defined by the margins with top and bottom margins collapsing into one another.
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!
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<div id=”header”></div>
<ul id=”sidebar-nav”></ul>
<div id=”content”></div>
float
A floated element takes the element out of the normal flow and moves it to the far right or left of the containing element. Existing content will then flow around it. Floated elements should always have at least a width property.
.photo { float: left; max-width: 150px; }"
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.photo { float: left; max-width: 150px; }"
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4 Float
Class Exercise
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5 Positioning
Positioning Properties
There are four values that you can give to the position property:
! static Elements renders in order, as they appear in the document flow. This is default.
relative The element is positioned relative to its static position, so “left:20” adds 20 pixels to the element’s LEFT position.
absolute The element is positioned relative to its first positioned (not static) ancestor element (usually, the first parent with position:relative).
fixed The element is positioned relative to the browser window.
boxes exercise
.box { "" width: 300px;"" height: 300px;"" border: 1px solid #333;"" margin: 10px;"" display: inline-block;}" "
.relative { "" position: relative;"" top: 50px;"" left: -50px;}"
.fixed { "" position: fixed;"" bottom: 0;"" left: 0;}"
!
!
boxes exercise
.box.absolute { "" position: relative;}"
.box.absolute p { "" position: absolute;"" top: 0;"" right: 0;"" background: #444;"" padding: 10px;"" margin: 0;"" color: #fff;}"
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relative
A relative positioned element moves the element out of it’s position in the normal flow, and allows you to move it “relative” to that location. The space taken by the original location is retained in the flow.
.date { position: relative; top: 40px; left: -105px; }"
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relative exercise
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.date { position: relative; top: 40px; left: -105px; }"
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fixed
A fixed element is taken complete out of the document flow, and is positioned relative to the browser window.
.create-change { position: fixed; bottom: 40px; right: 0; }"
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fixed exercise
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.create-change { position: fixed; bottom: 40px; right: 0; }"
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absolute
The element is positioned relative to its first positioned (not static) ancestor element. The element and its spacing are completely taken out of the flow. In the example below, the “.post” parent element is given a position value of relative, which lets us set it’s child element “.icon” within it.
.post { position: relative; }"
.icon { position: absolute; left: -60px; right: 0; }"
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absolute exercise
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.post { position: relative; }"
.icon { position: absolute; left: -60px; right: 0; }"
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