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CSCD 303Essential Computer SecurityFall 2019

Lecture 7 - Social Engineering1

- PhishingReading: Chapter 6

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Overview

• Social Engineering

– Defined

• Humans as vulnerabilities

• Phishing

– What is it?

– What does it accomplish

– How to recognize it?

– Solutions to Phishing

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Social Engineering

Social Engineering – Manipulating or tricking people into

divulging private information as opposed to using technical hacking techniques

– Or, getting them to use unauthorized devices to compromise themselves

– Using people as vulnerabilities into systems

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Test Case of Human Vulnerabilities

June 2011, Bloomberg published results of a test conducted by U.S. Depart. of Homeland Security

To assess government’s vulnerability to unauthorized system access,

DHS dropped disks and USB drives in parking lots of government agencies and private contractors

What do you think happened?

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Test Case of Human Vulnerabilities

Results 60 % of workers who found devices plugged

them into their office computers When device was imprinted with an official logo,

number of installations on office machines skyrocketed to 90 %

http://www.crn.com/blogs-op-ed/channel-voices/232200743/how-to-manage-the-weak-link-in-cybersecurity-humans.htm

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The Individual User

Users…• Represent the largest installed base• Completely lack standards• Cannot be controlled centrally (or

otherwise)• Are only predictable in their

unpredictability• Cannot be redesigned• Basically, all of us !!!

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What Exactly is Phishing?

Define Phishing

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Phishing Scams Defined

• Phishing is a type of deception designed to steal your personal data - credit cards, passwords, account data, or other information

• Con artists might send millions of fraudulent e-mail messages that appear to come from Web sites you trust

• Your bank or credit card company, and request that you provide personal information.

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More Phishing Definitions

Spear Phishing – a phishing scam that targets a specific audience

– Example: Kansas Statue University and is sent to K-State email addresses

Scareware - Tries to trick you into responding by using shock, anxiety or threats

– “Reply with your password now or we’ll shut down your email account tomorrow”

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Socially aware attacks Mine social relationships from public data Phishing email appears to arrive from someone known Use spoofed identity of trusted organization to gain trust Urge victims to update or validate their account Threaten to terminate account if victims do not reply Use gift or bonus as a bait

Context-aware attacks “Your bid on eBay has won!” “The books on your Amazon wish list are on sale!”

Spear-Phishing: Improved Target Selection

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General Patton is retiring next week, click here to say whether you can attend his retirement party

Phishing Becoming more SophisticatedTargeting Your Organization

Spear-phishing targets specific groups or

individuals

Type 1 – Uses info about your organization

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Phishing Targeting Your Organization

Around 40% of people in experiments at CMU

would fall for emails like this (control condition)

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Phishing Increasing in SophisticationTargeting You Specifically

Type 2 – Uses info specifically about you

Social Phishing• Might use information from social networking sites,

corporate directories, or publicly available data

• Ex. Fake email from friends or co-workers• Ex. Fake videos of you and your friends

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Phishing Increasing in SophisticationTargeting You Specifically

Here’s a video I took of yourposter presentation.

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Another Example:

What is wrong with this email, looks legitimate, right?

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But wait…

WHOIS 210.104.211.21:

Location: Korea, Republic Of

Even bigger problem:

I don’t have an account with US Bank!

Images from Anti-Phishing Working Group’s Phishing Archive

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Spear PhishingExampleKSU.edu

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Spear PhishingExampleKSU.edu

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ScarewareExample

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ScarewareExample

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Another Scareware Example

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Another Scareware Example

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Spear phishing scam received by K-Staters,January 2010If you clicked on the link…

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Malicious link in scam email took you to an exact replica of K-State’s single sign-on web page, hosted on a server in the Netherlands,that steals ID and password if they enter it and click “Sign in”Clicking on “Sign in” then took user to K-State’s home pageNote the URL – flushandfloose.nl, which is obviously not k-state.edu

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Real SSOweb page –note “https”

Fake SSOweb page –site not secure (http,not https) andhosted in theNetherlands(.nl)

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Real SSOweb page –Use the eIDverificationbadge tovalidate

Fake SSOweb page

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Result of clicking on eID verification badge on the fake SSO web site, or any site that is not authorized to use the eID and password

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Result of clicking on eID verification badge on a legitimate K-State web site that is authorized to use the eID and password for authentication

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Real K-State Federal Credit Unionweb site

Fake K-State Federal Credit Union web site used in spear phishing scam

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Phreaking + Fishing = Phishing- Phreaking = making phone calls for free back in 70’s- Fishing = Use bait to lure the target

Phishing in 1995Target: AOL usersPurpose: getting account passwords for free timeThreat level: lowTechniques: Similar names ( www.ao1.com for www.aol.com ), social engineering

Phishing in 2001Target: Ebayers and major banksPurpose: Getting credit card numbers, accountsThreat level: mediumTechniques: Same in 1995, keylogger

Phishing in 2007Target: Paypal, banks, ebayPurpose: bank accountsThreat level: highTechniques: browser vulnerabilities, link obfuscation

History of Phishing

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• 2,000,000 emails are sent• 5% get to the end user – 100,000 (APWG)• 5% click on the phishing link – 5,000 (APWG)• 2% enter data into the phishing site –100 (Gartner)• $1,200 from each person who enters data (FTC)• Potential reward: $120,000

A bad day phishin’, beats a good day workin’

In 2005, David Levi made over $360,000 from 160 people using an eBay Phishing scam

Anti-phishing Working Grouphttp://www.antiphishing.org/

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How Bad Is Phishing?Consumer Perspective Estimated ~0.5% of Internet users per year fall for phishing attacks Conservative $1B+ direct losses a year to consumers Bank accounts, credit card fraud Doesn’t include time wasted on recovery of funds, restoring computers, emotional uncertainty Growth rate of phishing 30k+ reported unique emails / month 45k+ reported unique sites / month Social networking sites now major targets

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Social Media Phishing

Social Media Phishing When attackers use social networking sites like

Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram instead of email to obtain personal information or embed malicious links

Use social media to impersonate people known by the target

Create fake customer service accounts leading them to further compromise

Scams – Fake contests

https://inspiredelearning.com/blog/social-phishing/

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How Bad Is Phishing?Perspective of Corporations

Direct damage Loss of sensitive customer data Loss of intellectual property

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2018 Phishing Trends Intelligence Report Industry shift shows signs of switching from

primarily targeting individuals to targeting organizations

One-third of all phishing sites observed by end of 2017 were located on HTTPS domains

Attacks against targets in United States continues to grow, now accounting for more than 86% of all phishing attacks

https://info.phishlabs.com/hubfs/2018%20PTI%20Report/PhishLabs%20Trend%20Report_2018-digital.pdf

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Why Do People Fall for Phishing?

Phishing has been around for years How come people still fall for it?

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Research on PhishingCarnegie Mellon University Interviewed 40 Internet users including 35 non-

experts Conducted Mental models interviews

– Mental models included email role play and open ended questions … in 2006

Reference: J Downs, M. Holbrook, and L. CranorDecision Strategies and Susceptibility to Phishing.In Proc. of the 2006 Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security

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Research on PhishingCarnegie Mellon University

Only 50% knew the meaning of term Phishing 85% were aware of lock icon Only 40% knew it was supposed to be there Only 35% had noticed https + knew what it means Only 55% noticed an unexpected or strange URL Only 55% reported being cautious when asked for sensitive financial info

Few reported being suspicious of being asked for passwords … was in 2006

Do you think there would be the same stats today?

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Research on PhishingCarnegie Mellon University

Naïve Evaluation StrategiesMost strategies didn't help people in identifying

phishing

“ This email appears to be for me”

“ It's normal to hear from companies you do

business with”

“ Reputable companies will send emails” Knowledge of some scams didn't help identify other

scams

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Determining Email Fraud and Protection Measures

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Today's SolutionsNot so Successful Anti-phishing filters that rely on blacklists

and whitelists Usually not up to date and there are many false

positives Training

Websites and posters help some Spam Filters

Don't tend to catch phishing, emails look legitimate

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More Successful Solutions Two Research Based Filters, CMU

Pilfer Cantina

Pilfer – Looks at other features than email textNumber of domains linked to emailLinks in email to other than the main domain

Cantina – Uses Content based approachCreates a fingerprint of a web pageSends fingerprint to search engineSees if web page is in search results

• If yes, then legitimate

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Detecting Phishing Web Sites Industry uses blacklists to label phishing sites But blacklists slow to new attacks Idea: Use search engines Scammers often directly copy web pages But fake pages should have low PageRank on search engines Generate text-based “fingerprint” of web page keywords and send to a search engine

Y. Zhang, S. Egelman, L. Cranor, and J. Hong Phinding Phish: Evaluating Anti-Phishing Tools. In NDSS 2007.

Y. Zhang, J. Hong, and L. Cranor. CANTINA: A content-based approach to detecting phishing web sites. In WWW 2007.

G. Xiang and J. Hong. A Hybrid Phish Detection Approach by Identity Discovery and Keywords Retrieval. In WWW 2009.

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Human Training

Following slides provide common advice for identifying phishing or fraudulent emails ...

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Look at few phrases to look for if you think an e-mail message is phishing scam

• "Verify your account" Businesses should not ask you to send passwords, login names, Social Security numbers, or other personal information through e-mail

– If you receive an e-mail from anyone asking you to update your credit card information, do not respond:

– This is a phishing scam

• "If you don't respond within 48 hours, your account will be closed."These messages convey urgency so that you'll respond immediately without thinking

Human TrainingHow To Tell If An E-mailMessage is Fraudulent

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Human TrainingHow To Tell If An E-mailMessage is Fraudulent"Dear Valued Customer." Phishing e-mail messages are usually sent out in bulk and often do not contain your first or last name

"Click the link below to gain access to your account."• HTML-formatted messages can contain links or forms that you can fill out just as you'd fill out a form on a Web site

• Links that you are urged to click may contain all or part of a real company's name and are usually "masked," meaning that link you see does not take you to that address but somewhere different, usually a phony Web site.

•How do you discover the link is fake?• Resting mouse pointer on link reveals the real Web address• String of cryptic numbers looks nothing like the company's Web address, which is a suspicious sign.

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Con artists also use Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) that resemble name of well-known company but are slightly altered by adding, omitting, or transposing letters

For example, URL "www.microsoft.com" could appear instead as:

www.micosoft.com www.mircosoft.com www.verify-microsoft.com

Human TrainingHow To Tell If An E-mailMessage is Fraudulent

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• Never respond to an email asking for personal information • Always check site to see if it is secure. Call phone number if necessary• Never click on link in email. Retype address in a new window• Keep your browser updated• Keep antivirus definitions updated• Use a firewall

P.S: Always shred your home documents before discarding them.

Human TrainingHow To Tell If An E-mailMessage is Fraudulent

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Human TrainingAnti-Phishing Games Ok, traditional training doesn't work but ..

People like to play gamesTeach using a game

Results have shown thatMore people willing to play game than read People are better at identifying phishing after

playing the game Best known is Anti-phishing Phil from CMU

http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/antiphishing_phil/

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Anti-Phishing Phil

A micro-game to teach people not to fall for phish

PhishGuru about email, this game about web browser

Also based on learning science principles You will get to Try the game! Description of the game is in the paper below

S. Sheng et al. Anti-Phishing Phil: The Design and Evaluation of a Game That Teaches People Not to Fall for Phish. In SOUPS 2007, Pittsburgh, PA, 2007.

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Anti-Phishing Phil

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Evaluation of PhishGuru

Is embedded training effective? Study 1: Lab study, 30 participants Study 2: Lab study, 42 participants Study 3: Field trial at company, ~300 participants Study 4: Field trial at CMU, ~500 participants

Studies showed significant decrease in falling for phish and ability to retain what they learned

P. Kumaraguru et al. Protecting People from Phishing: The Design and Evaluation of an Embedded Training Email System. CHI 2007

P. Kumaraguru et al. Getting Users to Pay Attention to Anti-Phishing Education: Evaluation of Retention and Transfer. eCrime 2007

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Anti-Phishing Phil: Study

Novices showed most improvement in false negatives (calling phish legitimate)

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Anti-Phishing Phil: Study 2

Improvement all around for false positives (ignoring phishing )

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Resources Wikipedia has a nice page on phishing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing Phishing continues to plague Internet

Seriously affects consumers, businesses, governments

Criminals getting more sophisticated End-users can be trained, but only if done right

PhishGuru embedded training uses simulated phishing

Anti-Phishing Phil and Anti-Phishing Phyllis micro-games

Phishing at HoaxSlayerhttp://www.hoax-slayer.com/phisher-scams.html

Nice set of fishing examples with explanationshttp://www.hoax-slayer.com/phishing-scam-articles.shtml

Can read about Phishing Phil http:// www.wombatsecurity.com

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Phishing Recources

DOD site on phishing https://public.cyber.mil/training/phishing-awareness/

PhishLabs Site https://www.phishlabs.com/

Infosec Institute Resources on Phishinghttps://resources.infosecinstitute.com/category/enterprise/phishing/phishing-countermeasures/top-16-anti-phishing-resources/#gref

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The End

Get a chance to practice and play with Phishing awareness in the lab !!!