course in finite element simulations using abaqus topic 1b ...course in finite element simulations...

Esmaeil Tohidlou

Department of Materials Engineering

University of Sistan and Baluchestan

etohidlou@gmail.com

2016

Course in finite element simulations using Abaqus

Topic 1b introduction:The Concept of Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

Concept of Finite Element Analysis 2

Concept of FEA:

The basis of FEA relies on the decomposition of the domain into a finite number

of subdomains (Elements) for which the systematic approximate solution is

constructed by applying the variational or weighted residual methods.

The FEM requires the following major steps:

Discretization of the domain into finite number of sundomains (elements)

Selection of interpolation functions

Development of element matrix for the subdomain (element)

Asselbly of the element matrices for each subdomain to obtain global

matrix for the entire domain

Imposition of the boundary conditions

Solution of equations

Additional computations (If desired)

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The FEA representation

of practical engineering

problems

NodeThe transformation of the practical engineering problem to a mathematical

representation is achieved by discretizing the domain of interest in to elements

(elements). These elements are connected to each other by their nodes. A node

specifies the coordinate location in space where degree of freedom and actions of the

physical problem exist. The nodal unknown(s) in the matrix system of equations

represents one (or more) of the primary field variable. Nodal variables assigned to an

element are called dgrees of freedom of the element.

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ElementDepending on the geometry and the physical nature of the problem, the domain of the

interest can be discretized by employing line, area, or volume elements. Some of the

common elements in the FEM are shown in Figure.

One-Dimensional Elements

Line

Rods, Beams, Trusses, Frames

Two-Dimensional Elements

Triangular, Quadrilateral

Plates, Shells, 2-D Continua

Three-Dimensional Elements

Tetrahedral, Rectangular Prism (Brick)

3-D Continua

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Two-Dimensional Discretization Refinement

(Discretization with 228 Elements)

(Discretization with 912 Elements)

(Triangular Element)

(Node)

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Development of Finite Element Equation

• The Finite Element Equation Must Incorporate the Appropriate Physics of the Problem

• For Problems in Structural Solid Mechanics, the Appropriate Physics Comes from

Either Strength of Materials or Theory of Elasticity

• FEM Equations are Commonly Developed Using Direct, Variational-Virtual Work or

Weighted Residual Methods

Variational-Virtual Work Method

Based on the concept of virtual displacements, leads to relations between internal and

external virtual work and to minimization of system potential energy for equilibrium

Weighted Residual Method

Starting with the governing differential equation, special mathematical operations

develop the “weak form” that can be incorporated into a FEM equation. This method is

particularly suited for problems that have no variational statement. For stress analysis

problems, a Ritz-Galerkin WRM will yield a result identical to that found by variational

methods.

Direct Method

Based on physical reasoning and limited to cases, this method is worth studying

because it enhances physical understanding of the process

Concept of Finite Element Analysis 7

Formulation of the stiffness matrix:

Direct method

1 2

k

u1 u2

F1 F2

}{}]{[

rm Matrix Foinor

2 Nodeat mEquilibriu

1 Nodeat mEquilibriu

2

1

2

1

212

211

FuK

F

F

u

u

kk

kk

kukuF

kukuF

Stiffness Matrix Nodal Force Vector

Concept of Finite Element Analysis 8

Bar Element

Bar element:

a) geometry,

b) nodal force applied at node 1,

c) nodal force applied at node 2,

d) nodal forces at both nodes

Concept of Finite Element Analysis 9

Two-Dimensional

Truss Element

Degrees of freedom of a rod element in a two-dimensional space

The nodal degrees of freedom (nodal displacement) of the rod element becom four, as represented in the Figure

𝑑𝑒 = {𝐮1, 𝐯1, 𝐮2, 𝐯2}𝑇

The corresponding stifness matrix becomes:

The second and fourth columns and rows associated with transversal displacements are null since the truss member has axial deformation only.

Concept of Finite Element Analysis 10

Another problem arises from the fact that all truss members do not have the same orientation

is that when it comes to assemble the global stiffness , we need to have the element degrees

of freedom (nodal displacements) given in terms of the common reference axes of the truss.

Truss element oriented at an arbitrary angle: a) Nodal displacement, b) Nodal forces

Figure shows two sets of nodal displacements; the first set (𝒖, 𝒗) is given in terms of the local

set of axis 𝑥, 𝑦 associated with the element, while the second set of displacements (𝑼, 𝑽) is

associated with the global set of axis 𝑋, 𝑌 .The element stifness matrix is expressed in the terms of the local displacements 𝒖 and 𝒗. In

order to assemble with the stiffness matrices of the other elements to form the global

stiffness matrix of the whole system, it should be transformed such that it is expressed in

terms of the global displacement 𝑼 and 𝐕.

Concept of Finite Element Analysis 11

If we consider node 1, it can be seen that the displacements 𝑼1 and 𝑽1 can be written in

terms of 𝒖1 and 𝒗1 as

𝑼1 = 𝒖1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝒗1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑽1 = 𝒖1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝒗1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

In a similar fashion, 𝑼2 and 𝑽2 can be expressed in terms of 𝒖2 and 𝒗2 as

𝑼2 = 𝒖2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝒗2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑽2 = 𝒖2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝒗2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

From the above equations

Or in a more compact form as

The matrix is called transformation matrix. It is an orthogonal matrix with determinant

equal to one. Its inverse is simply equal to its transpose:

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