counseling
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COUNSELIN
GUNIT 4,5
CONTENTS
• Meaning of counseling
• Terms involved in counseling
• Definition
• Factors contributing to the emergence of
counseling
• Growth of counseling
• Approaches to the counseling
• Counseling process
• Evaluation of counseling
COUNSELLING
In general the counseling is to help
individuals to overcome many of
their problems. It involves two
factors.
TERMS INVOLVED IN COUNSELING
1. Counselor
2. counselee
DEFINITION• Acc.to Smith(1955): A process in which
the counselor assists the counselee to make the
interpretations of facts related to choice, plan or
adjustments which he need to make.
• Acc.to Perez(1965): The counseling is an
interactive process conjoining the counselor
who needs assistance and the counselor who is
trained and educated to give the assistance.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EMERGENCE OF
COUNSELING
1. Technological factors
2. Psychological factors
3. Educational factors
4. Human factors
TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS
Technological changes have
made a major impact upon
the people’s lives and
work. Because of the rapid
change in the technology
the need of counseling
arises and it comes into
existence.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
The growth of counseling is
also because of Psychological
factors. As a part of broader
field of psychology the
counseling is being introduced
for the development into it.
EDUCATIONAL FACTORS
Modern counseling is a product
of education system especially American education system. It has deep roots in the concern for an individual’s freedom, rights, and dignity. The development of counseling can
best be appreciated by analyzing
the various issues that affected
and influence its development.
HUMAN FACTORS
There are several mutually
opposed conceptions of
the basic human nature. Is
human nature either evil, or
good, or neutral? This factor
of human nature also helps
in the emergence of the
counseling.
GROWTH OF COUNSELING
The growth of counseling is divided into four
phases. They are:
1. 1850-1900
2. 1900-1930
3. 1930-1940
4. Second world war and after
1850-1900Under this period the innovations in the field of
psychology were made. under this period the
the first psychological laboratory was founded
at
Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879. However, it
was Jesse b. Davis who first used the term
“counseling” in this period.
1900-1930During the first few years of the twentieth century
several
significant events took place. These movements
boosted
efforts to develop knowledge and services in order
to
assist the individuals. Unfortunately there is a
wrong
impression that counseling is a poor man’s
psychotherapy.
All these factors helps in the emergence of the
counseling.
1930-1940Under this era the workers needs the guidance for
suitable tools and techniques to understand the
concept of counseling. There were very few
Psychological tests available and few persons were
trained to use them at that time.
SECOND WORLD WAR AND AFTER
In this era a book was published as “counseling
and
psychotherapy” by “Carl Rogers” in 1942. Before
this
there was a hesitation regarding the acceptability of
counseling as a form of psychotherapy. In this era
counseling
obtained the recognition by the American
Psychological
association(APA). The APA accepted the
recommendation of
meeting and designated counseling psychology as
its
seventeenth division.
LASTLYOver the past five decades counselors have
gained overwhelming acceptance from
society.
A large number of sub-specialities have
developed to serve in setting such as schools,
mental health clinics, rehabilitation centers,
colleges.
APPROACHES OF COUNSELING
1. Psychoanalytic approach
2. Bahaviouristic approach
3. Humanistic approach
PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
Psychoanalysis was originated by SIGMUND
FREUD, who developed his theory from his
past experiences as a therapist and wrote
about his work. In this the client is ignorant
And unaware of the reasons for his difficulties
or suffering which are deeply embedded in
the unconscious. The client is therefore
helpless and it is the therapist who has to play
the role of interpreting the material. This
principle is known as psychological
determinism.SIGMUND FREUD founder of the psychodynamic approach
BEHAVIOURISTIC APPROACH
Counseling and psychotherapy are concerned with behavior change. learning here is understood as
changes in the behavior which are relatively long-lasting and which are not due to the psychological factors like fatigue etc. one such application is in the
form of Bahaviouristic approach. Its
purpose is to change the ineffective and self defeating behavior into the effective and self winning behavior.
HUMANISTIC APPROACH
The practical application of the humanistic
Psychology made a great impact on the
academic scene. According to ROGERS in
any kind of psychotherapy the basic theme
is the helping relationship. In all human
Interactions such as mother-child, teacher-pupil, therapist-client The
helping relationship is fundamental. This relationship is one in which the
counselor seeks to bring about a better
expression of the client’s inner resources. Thus the helping relationship helps in the
growth of person.
COUNSELING
PROCESS
EVALUATION OF COUNSELING
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