cosmic calendar
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Hammurabi was an ancient Babylonian
king.
A well-preserved ancient law code 1790BC. now found in Louvre Museum
The Code of Hammurabi was one of
several sets of laws in th
e Ancient NearEast
The Code consists of 282 laws
Is inscribed in the Akkadian language
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Examples:
If anyone steals the minor son of another, he
shall be put to death. If a man takes a woman to wife, but has no
intercourse withher, this woman is no wife tohim.
If a man puts out the eye of an equal, hiseye shall be put out.
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For one hundred years after the decline
of the Old Kingdom (2134-2040 BC), the
once proud land of Egypt splintered intodozens of independent states.
The dynasty they began, the EleventhDynasty, marks the beginning of the
Middle Kingdom.
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Old Kingdom collapsed due to famine
and loss of confidence in the central
government, restoration of which gavebirth to the Middle Kingdom.
stretching from the establishment of theEleventh Dynasty to the end of the
Fourteenth Dynasty
Egyptian rule extended to Syria as wellas South into Nubia
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the beginning of the Osiris funerary cult
was witnessed.
saw the beginning of rock tombs in theValley of the Kings
comprises two phases:
11th Dynasty ruled from Thebes 12th Dynasty - centered around el-Lisht
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considered to the golden age due to
its rich literary, architectural and scientific
legacy.
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The eleventh dynasty of ancient Egypt (notatedDynasty XI) was one group of rulers, and they allruled Thebes
It was during this dynasty that all of ancient Egypt
was united under the Middle Kingdom.
This dynasty traces its origins to a nomarch ofThebes, "Intef the Great, son of IkuHowever, his
immediate successor Mentuhotep I is consideredthe first king of this dynasty.,
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Amenemhet I was compelled to
campaign in the Delta region, which
had not received as much attention asupper Egypt during the 11th Dynasty.
he strengthened defenses betweenEgypt and Asia, building the Walls of the
Ruler in the East Delta region
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Amenemhat I built a new capital for Egypt in thenorth, known as Amenemhet Itj Tawy, or
Amenemhet, Seizer of the Two Lands
During the First Intermediate Period, the governors
of the nomes of Egypt, nomarchs, gainedconsiderable power. Their posts had becomehereditary, and some nomarchs entered into
marriage alliances with the nomarchs ofneighboring nomes
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To strengthen his position, Amenemhet requiredregistration of land, modified nome borders, andappointed nomarchs directly when offices
became vacant, but acquiesced to the nomarchsystem, probably in order to placate the nomarchs
who supported his rule.
This gave the Middle Kingdom a more feudal
organization than Egypt had before or would haveafterward.
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the process of working
metal into artifacts
The place and time of theinvention of bronze are still
debated
bronze age the most advanced
metalworking used bronze
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periods around the world in which
bronze was in general use.
Ended when the generalization wasbrought it (iron age)
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second of the complex Bronze Age
owe a great deal of their culture to their
predecessors, the Minoans of Crete Mycenaeans left behind numerous
documents in their written language,
Linear B, wh
ich
h
ave now beendeciphered and translated.
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Record the economic transactions and
other activities of every day life
Mycenaeans are traditionally thought tohave been a very warlike people,
spreading their influence throughconquest.
had contact with the Egyptians, and
most likely also with the Hittites of AsiaMinor.
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waged against the city of Troy by the
Achaeans(Greeks) after Paris of Troy
took Helen from herhusband Menelaus,the king of Sparta.
war was fought between the Greeks andTrojans with their allies
lasted for ten years and it has been
traditionally dated from 1194 to 1184 BC.
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among the most
important events in
Greek mythology narrated in many
works of Greekliterature- Iliad and
Odyssey
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a Pre-Columbian civilization living in the
tropical lowlands of south-central
Mexico, near the modern-day cities ofVeracruz and Tabasco.
first civilization in the Western Hemisphereto develop a writing system
hieroglyphs known as " Epi-Olmec
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Means rubber people
Their religion developed all the important
themes- (obsession with mathematicsand with calendars, spiritual focus on
death expressed throughhumansacrifice)
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Direction finder
form of a magnetic needle floating in a
bowl of water Dry compass
dry suspension compass, a wooden framecrafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside
down by a board, with the lodestone sealedin by wax, and if rotated, the needle at thetail would always point in the northerncardinal direction
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Chinese fortune tellers used lodestones
(a mineral composed of an iron oxide
which aligns itself in a north-southdirection) to construct their fortune
telling boards.
someone noticed that the lodestones
were better at pointing out real
directions, leading to the first compasses.
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designed the compass on a square slab
whichhad markings for the cardinal
points and the constellations. The pointing needle was a lodestone
spoon-shaped device, with a handlethat would always point south.
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http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinv
entions/a/Compass.htm
http://www.timelessmyths.com/classical/trojanwar.html
http://metamedia.stanford.edu/projects
/Arch
aeopaedia/143 http://www.pustakalaya.org/wiki/wp/o/
Olmec.htm
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