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CORS DiscussionIstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi
18.5.2007Yurtdisindan Örnekler
Gottfried KonecnyLeibniz University Hannover
Contents:
1. GPS technology (established since 1985),accuracy impovement by DGPS (post processing)and by CORS (in real time)
2. Consequences in Europe (EUREF campaigns,ETRS 89, national reference systems, GPS & Glonass & Galileo = GNSS)
3 3D height reference (GNSS leveling and gravity;3. 3D height reference (GNSS, leveling and gravity;geoid calculation)
4. Example Serbia
5. Example Germany (Baden Württemberg)
2
1.GPS Technology
known since 1985
3
4
GNSS basic principle
Z
R 1
R 2 R 3
R 4
P P D O P l
XY
Z
WGS84based on mass centered ellipsoid determined by the worldwide IGS network
5
GNSS Error Sources
Satellite ClockSatellite Orbit
Ionospheric DelayIonospheric Delay
Tropospheric Delay
Antenna Phase Center
XY
Z
WGS84
Receiver ClockMultipath
Antenna Phase Center
Magnitude of Error Sources
Error source Absolute influence Relative influence
Satellite Orbit 2 ... 50 m 0.1 ... 2 ppmSatellite Clock 2 ... 100 m 0.0 ppmIonosphere 0.5 ... >100 m 1 ... 50 ppmTroposphere 0.01 ... 0.5 m 0 ... 3 ppmMultipath Code m mM lti th Ph
High spatial correlation
Multipath Phase mm ... cm mm ... cmAntenna mm ... cm mm ... cm
Local (Calibration)
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GNSMART Results: Lower Saxony
P iti APosition Accuracy
© 2000 Ge o++® Ge sel lschaft für sate ll itenge stü t zte geodä tische und na vi gatorisc he Te chnol ogie n mbH, D-30827 Garbsen. Steinri ede 8, Te l. (05131) 4689-0, Fax (05131) 4689-99 Web: www. ge opp.de, E-mai l:i nfo@ge opp.de
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Time To Fix Ambigities
Alternatives:
- Use of CORS Stations every 50 km for 1cm accuracy
- Use of CORS Stations every 100 km for 2 to 3cm accuracy
- Use of CORS Stations every 500km for dm to m accuracy
- Transmission of corrections via- Transmission of corrections via- Internet (offline for post processing)- GSM (if net exists)- Al Thuraya satellite
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National Reference Systems
• National Mapping Agencies in charge• Established by traditional methods :
– Fundamental Point lat & long by astro obs.– Fundamental Azimuth– Triangulation & Net Adjustment
Densification from 1st to 4th order– Densification from 1st to 4th order– result: national reference on best fitting
ellipsoid
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Map Projections
• Each chosen reference ellipsoid, defined b l t &l f th f d t l i t dby lat &long of the fundamental point and the fundamental azimuth, is projected onto a plane or a surface unrollable onto a plane
• Exact mathematical relations exist for theExact mathematical relations exist for the transformation & vice versa
• examples: UTM, 3°Transverse Mercator, Lambert applicable in different zones
European Spatial Reference Systems –Basis for a European Spatial Data Infrastructure (ESDI)
Milestones/Actions:• IAG SC 1.3a EUREF: TWG (since 1987), ETRS 89
• CERCO WG 8 Geodesy, 2001 EuroGeographics ExGG Geodesy
• European geodetic networks: GPS campaigns (1988), UELN (1994), EPN (1995), EUVN (1997), ECGN (2003)
• Standardisation 1994 to 2003: CEN/TC 287, ISO/TC211 (ISO 19111)
• Series of EC workshops: Spatial Reference Workshop 1999, Map Projection Workshop 2000, EuroGrid Workshop 2003, Workshop on vertical reference systems in Europe in April 2004
•INSPIRE/EuroSpec (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe Initiative in 2001)
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EUREF GPS campaigns
1988 – 1999
(1 cm accuracy)
Bulgaria
Romania
NGK
EUREF GPS Permanent Network EPN EPN Analysis and Data Centers
BEK
BKG
WUT
GOP
SGO
IGN
ROB
DEO
# stations:
Local Analysis Center Regional Data Center Local Data Center
LPT
OLG
UPA
ASI
COE
IGE
153 total48 IGS
15 AC
11
N ti l C di t R f S t (CRS)
Pick a country in the list or a red dot in the map, then you can get at the next page the information aboutthe Coordinate Reference Systems CRS and the Transformations to ETRS89 for the country:
a ona oor na e e erence ys emsof European Countries and
Transformations to European Terrestrial Reference System ETRS89
Luxembourg
Latvia
Ireland
Hungary
Great Britain
Germany
Finland
Denmark
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Austria
Lithuania
Italy
Iceland
Greece
Gibraltar
France
Estonia
Czech Republic
Croatia
Belgium
Albania
SWEDEN
| | | | |
Copyright by BKG 2001 Last Update 20. April 2001
oHome Content European CRS National CRS C ntact Reference
Turkey
Sweden
Slovenia
Russia
Portugal
Norway
Netherlands
Ukraine
Switzerland
Spain
Slovak Republic
Romania
Poland
Northern Ireland
Macedonia
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2. European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) and its use in Europe
• The European Continental Plate is moving quite uniformly some3 cm per year, relatively to the ITRS. Excepted is the south-eastern extreme of Europe (Greece, Turkey).eastern extreme of Europe (Greece, Turkey).
• The IAG Sub-commission for Europe EUREF decided to define aSystem fixed to the European plate in order to have stable co-ordinates for Europe.
• This System (datum) is named ETRS, or ETRS89, identical to theITRS in the year 1989.
• Since 1989, ETRS89 coordinates have shifted from their valuesSince 1989, ETRS89 coordinates have shifted from their valuesexpressed in ITRS. The shifts are monitored by IERS and EUREF.
• This shift is well known, and transformations from one to theother are possible for most parts with a 1 cm accuracy. The shiftparameters are given with the ITRF solutions.
Developments• Continuous extension of the tracking network EPN
(east of Europe and special interests, e.g. tide gauges)
• Integration of special projects (e.g. EUREF’s ECGN, IGS TIGA-PP)
• Standards for EPN densification e.g. establishment of EUREF-IP broadcaster (NTRIP)
• Development of web-portal for users especially of th GIS itthe GIS community
• Preparation of GALILEO positioning technologies
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EUREF/EuroGeographic vision for a structure of positioning services with different accuracy levels for the realization of a European spatiallevels for the realization of a European spatial data infrastructure (ESDI):
• m real time, in future covered by GNSS infrastructure
• dm real time terr differential GNSS (EPN NTRIP)• dm real time, terr. differential GNSS (EPN, NTRIP)
• cm post processing, terr. differential GNSS (EPN),
real time standards (EPN, densification networks e.g. GREF and EUPOS, NTRIP)
United European Levelling Network (UELN) status 2003
Realization of theRealization of the
vertical reference
in Europe better than 1 dm
Vertical datum:Normaals Amsterdams P ilPeil
Heights:Geopotential numbers
Normal heights
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European Vertical Reference Network (EUVN)
Integrated network with 200 stations (35 IGS stations, 70 tide stations)
-Unificationof national height systems-Connection of European seas
Concept (static):-Position X (ITRS, ETRS89)-Height cp, W (UELN 94/98)-Gravity g (IGSN 71)
}P(X,W
-Sea surface
GPS Connections - EUREF
• Points of EUREF networknetwork– Method: GPS– Session: 5 days– Number of points: 8– Distance: 160 km– Accuracy: 5 mmAccuracy: 5 mm
• SREF linked on EUREF
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GPS Referent network - SREF
• Points of SREF networknetwork– Method: GPS– Session: 90 min– Number of points: 841– Distance: 10 km– Accuracy: 10 mmAccuracy: 10 mm
• Finished August 2002.
GPS Permanent stations
• Permanent stationsNumber of stations– Number of stations 30+4
– Accuracy 10 mm– Distance 70 km– All Serbia covered
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GPS Aims of the project
• Creation referent system of the Republic f S biof Serbia
• Positioning for creating of the Real Estate Cadastre
• Positioning all kinds of topographic-cartographic basescartographic bases
• Navigation of the public service's
Cost of project
• Permanent stationsEquipment: 1 120 000 GSM– Equipment: 1.120.000 €
– Software: 180.000 €RGZ (GGA)
– Total: 1.300.000 €
GSM
Radio
Internet
17
1975 2005
The example of the State of Baden-Württemberg
- reduction of the personnel cost -
Number of
employed workers
(present cost-output evaluation)
128
4,96 Mio Euro 0,96 Mio Euro
24
Personal expenditure
)
Annual savings 80,7% = 4,0 Mio Euro
GPS, GLONASS, Galileo
The technical changes in surveying and mapping
- A look back over the last 20 years -
On the basis of GNSS-technology a new type of surveying has been developed in connection with extensive hard- and software
Standardization for the international terrestrial reference system
Replacing of the traditional national spatial reference systems
National GNSS based reference station networks have been set upSAPOS®, swipos, APOS,
Replacing of the traditional national spatial reference systemsDHDN ETRS89 GNSS-based surveying online without identical
pointsReduction of the survey standards in the official surveying and
mapping
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Reference station networks realize the spatial reference system as a
The technical changes in surveying and mapping
- The effects of the technical changes -
In future we will work only with general control networks which arethinned out
• Position• Height• Gravity
The previous 1d- rather 2d-general control networks will be replaced by
whole
replaced by 3d- to 5d-general control networks
Through the combination of levelling and GPS-derived heights we are in a
position to create a new type of height surveyance
Homogenous federal general control networks (duty)SAPOS® f t ti f th t ETRS89
The situation in the Federal Republic of Germany- Decision of the AdV in the year 2004-
SAPOS® reference stations of the system ETRS89
Geodetic contol points - 3d-station monumenting- 3d-coordinates in the system ETRS89/UTM - Heights in the system DHHN92- Gravity in the system DHSN96
Height general control network of 1. order in the system DHHN92General gravity points of the DHSN 1. order in the system DHSN96
State specific general control networks (option)Position general control networks 1. to 4. order in the system of GKHeight general control networks 2. and 3. order in the system DHHN92Gravity general control networks 2. and 3. order in the system DHSN96
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Geodetic contol point represents a 5d-point
The situation in the Federal Republic of Germany- Function of the geodetic control point -
- 3d (coordinates x,y,z in the system ETRS89 / UTM)
- 1d (height in the system DHHN92)- 1d (gravity in the system DHSN96)
Geodetic control points serve
link of position height and gravity concisely in one point
for a short time
realization of the total spatial reference
- link of position, height and gravity concisely in one point- additional group of points
in the long run
Now Future
16-Homogenous federal general control networks (duty)
SAPOS®-reference stations of the system ETRS89
The example of the State of Baden-Württemberg - Reduction of points-
180
9 000
36
9 00036
-
State specific general control networks (option)
Geodetic contol points - 3d-station monumenting- 3d-coordinates in the system ETRS89/UTM - Heights in the system DHHN92- Gravity in the system DHSN96
Height general control points of 1. order in the system DHHN92General gravity points of the DHSN 1. order in the system DHSN96
61 000
Total
6 00052 000 14 000
-
-
128 000 24 000
State specific general control networks (option)Position general control networks 1. to 4. order i.t.s.o. Gauss-KrügerHeight general control networks 2. and 3. order i.t.s.o. DHHN92Gravity general control networks 2. and 3. order i.t.s.o. DHSN96
ca.
20
Accuracy of the points : +/- 2 cm
The situation in the Federal Republic of Germany- Reason for the reduction of the general control network -
Position3d
Height
SAPOS reference stations in connection with software for networkingReduction: up to now: 1...2 points per 1 km²
in future: 1 point per 2000...2500 km²
Clear separation between the scientific network and the use network
Use network has to accept a reduction of the survey standard
Networks of the 2. ...3. order will be dropped
GravityFrame network as a scientific network will be required
Non-marked out general gravity control network of 2. and 3. order for the determination of the highly accurate Quasigeoid
The situation in the Federal Republic of Germany
- Reason for the reduction of the general control network
Important assumptionsnetwork -
In the long run we have to give up the existing controlnetworks
We have to accept, that GNSS-technology is the technology of the futureof the future
GNSS-technology is no additional technology to the existing technology
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Setup of an own Satellite Positioning Service
The situation in the Federal Republic of Germany - The future general control network for a state -
Accuracy of +/- 2 cm for the fixing of a point
Geodetic control point
Absolute measurement of gravity should be carried outFairly identic to the levelling network of 1. orderFairly identic to the points of the Satellite Positioning Service
1 reference station per 2 500 km²All reference stations have to be connected by software for networking
Levelling networkLevelling network 1.order has to be seen as a scientific network
Recovered through a highly accurate Geoid (better +/- 1 cm)Use network has less accuracy (+/- 2 cm)
Federal Republic ofGermany
State of Baden-WürttembergState X
The future general control network for a state- Theoretical thoughts of an outsider -
Area 35 500 km²x 000 km²
Geodetic control points
260 pointsGNSS-reference-stations
260 points
Levelling network
Gravity network, markedt k d
55 000 points
16 points
200 00 i t
0,45x points
200,00x points 7 100 points
200,00x points 55 000 points
357 023 km²
16 500 i t
16 points
7 100 points7 100 i t
0,45x points
not marked
Total, markednot marked
200,00x points
200,45x points200,00x points
All together 400,45x points
7 100 points7 016 points
14 116 points
55 260 points
71 760 points
16 500 points
16 500 points
7 100 points
22
Federal Republic ofGermany
State of Baden-WürttembergState X
The future general control network for a state- Reality -
Area 35 500 km²x 000 km²
Geodetic control points
260 pointsGNSS-reference-stations
(260+x) points
Levelling network
Gravity network, markedt k d
55 000 points
16 points
200 00 i t
0,45x points
200,00x points 23 000 points
200,00x points 55 000 points
357 023 km²
70 000 i t
180 points
7 100 points4 000 i t
0,45x points
160
160
71 400
71 400
16
16
7 100
7 100not marked
Total, markednot marked
200,00x points
200,45x points200,00x points
All together 400,45xpoints
4 000 points23 196 points
27 196
55 260 points
125 260+x
70 000 points
70 000 points
4 000 points71 400
71 56071 400
142 960
7 100
7 1007 016
14 116
Condition: Spatial reference of cadastre
The effects on the real estate cadastre
Measurements of cadastre through SAPOS® reference stations automatically show the coordinates of the target system
is identic to thespatial reference of the general control network
Usual fitting into surrounding cadastre field can be left out
Reference stations will directly show the spatial reference
Expenditure of the surveying the real estate will be reduced by factor 3 to 5
Expense and personal expenditure will fall accordingly
23
Summary
1 Technical changes and their results in surveying and mapping
Radical change to a modern general control network
1. Technical changes and their results in surveying and mapping
2. Situation in the Federal Republic of Germany• German strategy for the future general control network• Function of the fundamental geodetic points
3. Example of the State of Baden-Württemberg• General control network of the future • Potential for cost savingg
5. How modern new general control network affect the real estate cadastre?
4. Theoretical concept for a future general control network of a state
1975 2005
The example of the State of Baden-Württemberg- Reduction of the personal expenditure -
Number of
employed workers
(present cost-output evaluation)
128
4,96 Mio Euro 0,96 Mio Euro
24
Personal expenditure
)
Annual savings 80,7% = 4,0 Mio Euro
24
Overview
C fGuarantee
Core tasks of the state
Responsibility
Structure
Activation
16 federal states
Surveying, mapping and cadastre authoritiesLicensed surveyors
Specialists
Coordination
y
33.000
AdV
2
Tasks
Map (ALK)R i t (ALB)Real estate cadastre
State survey
Register (ALB)Integrated system (ALKIS®)
Reference systems3D-Basic networkPositioning (SAPOS®)Geotopography (ATKIS®)
(AFIS®)
Geospatial reference information system
AAA-data modellGIS-standards (ISO, OGC)
3
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