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1
Cor
rupt
ion
from
a
Cro
ss-C
ultu
ral P
ersp
ectiv
eJ.
N. H
ooke
r
Car
negi
e M
ello
n U
nive
rsity
Uni
vers
ity o
f Gla
sgow
Mar
ch 2
010
2
Cav
eats
on
cultu
re…
�E
very
cul
ture
is d
iffer
ent.
�A
ny b
rief d
iscu
ssio
n va
stly
ove
rsim
plifi
es.
3
Cav
eats
on
cultu
re…
�I a
m n
ot s
tere
otyp
ing
indi
vidu
als
in a
cul
ture
.�
Eve
ry c
ultu
re h
as th
e fu
ll ra
nge
of p
erso
nalit
ies.
�C
ultu
res
diff
er o
n ho
w th
ese
pers
onal
ities
fit i
nto
a sy
stem
.�
Cul
ture
s ar
e lik
e ec
osys
tem
s.
4
Cav
eats
on
cultu
re…
�I m
ake
no ju
dgm
ents
abo
ut w
hich
cul
ture
is
“bet
ter.
”
5
Obl
igat
ion
to a
noth
er c
ultu
re
�M
ost c
ultu
res
have
nor
ms
for
deal
ing
with
oth
er
cultu
res.
�E
ven
the
Wes
t doe
s, d
espi
te it
s un
iver
salis
m:
�A
void
act
ion
that
, if g
ener
ally
ado
pted
, wou
ld u
nd
erm
ine
a cu
ltura
l sys
tem
it p
resu
pp
ose
s.
6
Wha
t is
corr
uptio
n?
�C
orru
ptio
n co
rru
pts
.
7
Wha
t is
corr
uptio
n?
�C
orru
ptio
n co
rru
pts
.
�It
unde
rmin
es th
e sy
stem
.
8
Wha
t is
corr
uptio
n?
�C
orru
ptio
n co
rru
pts
.
�It
unde
rmin
es th
e sy
stem
.
�D
iffer
ent c
ultu
res
use
radi
cally
diff
eren
t sy
stem
s to
get
thin
gs d
one.
�R
ule-
base
d�
Rel
atio
nshi
p-ba
sed
9
Cul
tura
l sys
tem
s
�R
ule-
base
d =
life
is o
rgan
ized
prim
arily
by
rule
s.�
Aus
tral
ia, E
urop
e, N
orth
Am
eric
a
10
Cul
tura
l sys
tem
s
�R
elat
ions
hip-
base
d =
life
is o
rgan
ized
prim
arily
ar
ound
per
son
al r
elat
ion
ship
s.�
Afr
ica,
Asi
a, M
iddl
e E
ast,
Sou
th A
mer
ica
11
Cor
rupt
ion
as c
ultu
rally
def
ined
�W
hat i
s co
rrup
t her
e m
ay b
e ac
cept
able
else
whe
re
�F
or e
xam
ple:
pur
chas
ing
agen
t�
Age
nt m
ay a
war
d co
ntra
ct b
ased
on
qu
alit
y o
f th
e b
ids
or b
ased
on
per
son
al c
on
nec
tio
ns.
�H
ere,
cro
nyis
m is
cor
rupt
ing.
�D
ue to
co
nfl
ict
of
inte
rest
(co
mpa
ny v
s. a
gent
)
12
Cor
rupt
ion
as c
ultu
rally
def
ined
�In
muc
h of
Asi
a (f
or e
xam
ple)
, cro
nyis
m is
fo
unda
tion
for
trus
t.�
The
re is
no
co
nfl
ict
of
inte
rest
.
�C
ompa
ny w
ants
trus
ted
supp
liers
.
13
Cor
rupt
ion
as c
ultu
rally
def
ined
�W
hat i
s ac
cept
able
her
e m
ay b
e co
rrup
t el
sew
here
�
Her
e, la
wsu
its a
re r
outin
e.�
Dis
pute
s ar
e re
solv
ed b
y ap
pea
l to
th
e ru
les.
�A
ssum
e in
div
idu
al r
esp
on
sib
ility
.
14
Cor
rupt
ion
as c
ultu
rally
def
ined
�In
Jap
an, l
awsu
its a
re c
orru
ptin
g.�
The
y w
ould
un
der
min
e ra
ther
th
an r
esto
re h
arm
on
y.�
Yas
umot
o T
akag
i of J
apan
Airl
ines
�S
hohe
i Naz
awa
of Y
amai
chi S
ecur
ities
.
�M
ovin
g to
ano
ther
firm
in m
id-p
roje
ct.
15
Cor
rupt
ion
as c
ultu
rally
def
ined
�W
hat i
s co
rrup
t her
e an
d el
sew
here
may
be
corr
upt f
or d
iffer
ent r
easo
ns�
Her
e, b
riber
y is
cor
rupt
bec
ause
it u
nd
erm
ines
th
e ru
les.
�T
here
mus
t be
a ge
nera
l exp
ecta
tion
that
peo
ple
will
ob
ey t
he r
ules
.
�In
rel
atio
nshi
p-ba
sed
coun
trie
s, b
riber
y is
cor
rupt
be
caus
e it
un
der
min
es p
erso
nal
rel
atio
nsh
ips.
�It
is a
sho
rt-c
ut a
roun
d re
latio
nshi
p bu
ildin
g.
16
Kod
ak in
Tai
wan
�U
.S. m
anag
er w
as p
oste
d in
Kod
ak’s
Tai
wan
br
anch
.�
He
met
with
a te
am r
epre
sent
ing
a po
tent
ial
Tai
wan
ese
supp
lier.
17
Kod
ak in
Tai
wan
�U
.S. m
anag
er w
as p
oste
d in
Kod
ak’s
Tai
wan
br
anch
.�
He
met
with
a te
am r
epre
sent
ing
a po
tent
ial
Tai
wan
ese
supp
lier.
�W
hen
the
team
left,
he
notic
ed th
at o
ne o
f the
m
left
his
brie
fcas
e.
18
Kod
ak in
Tai
wan
�W
hile
look
ing
for
the
owne
r’s n
ame,
he
foun
d th
e ca
se to
be
full
of c
ash
.
19
Kod
ak in
Tai
wan
�A
t lea
st th
ey a
re o
ffer
ing
a b
ribe
inst
ead
of
dem
andi
ng o
ne.
�In
som
e in
dust
ries,
you
can
’t ge
t you
r fo
ot in
the
door
with
out p
ayin
g so
meo
ne o
ff.
20
Kod
ak in
Tai
wan
�A
t lea
st th
ey a
re o
ffer
ing
a b
ribe
inst
ead
of
dem
andi
ng o
ne.
�In
som
e in
dust
ries,
you
can
’t ge
t you
r fo
ot in
the
door
with
out p
ayin
g so
meo
ne o
ff.
�K
ickb
acks
(“c
omm
issi
ons”
) ar
e ro
utin
e in
Ta
iwan
but
cor
rupt
ing
none
thel
ess.
�W
hy a
re th
ey c
orru
ptin
g?
21
Kod
ak in
Tai
wan
�C
hine
se/T
aiw
anes
e bu
sine
ss is
bas
ed
larg
ely
on fa
mily
and
/or
guānx
ì re
latio
nshi
ps.
�G
uānx
ì is
Man
darin
Chi
nese
for
“con
nect
ion”
or
“rel
atio
nshi
p.”
�G
uānx
ì de
velo
ps b
y do
ing
mut
ual f
avor
s an
d bu
ildin
g m
utua
l obl
igat
ions
. �
The
favo
rs a
re n
ot
quid
pro
quo
. T
hey
cem
ent
the
rela
tions
hip.
22
Kod
ak in
Tai
wan
�G
uānx
ì pr
ovid
es a
bas
is fo
r lo
ng
-ter
m tr
ust
rela
tions
hips
. �
It is
unc
ivili
zed
to r
eneg
e on
guā
nxì.
�G
iven
a p
rope
r re
latio
nshi
p,
one’
s w
ord
is h
is b
ond.
�Le
gal e
nfor
cem
ent i
s irr
elev
ant.
23
Kod
ak in
Tai
wan
�B
riber
y sh
ort
-cu
ts th
e pr
oces
s of
bui
ldin
g guānx
ì .
�R
elat
ions
hip-
base
d sy
stem
s te
nd to
slid
e in
to
brib
ery.
�A
s ru
le-b
ased
sys
tem
s ca
n sl
ide
into
che
atin
g.
�B
riber
y/ki
ckba
cks
do n
ot p
rovi
de th
e st
able
, lo
ng-t
erm
rel
atio
nshi
ps r
equi
red
by a
com
plex
ci
viliz
atio
n.
24
Kod
ak in
Tai
wan
�O
ne s
houl
d no
t exa
cerb
ate
this
wea
knes
s in
the
syst
em.
�B
riber
y m
ay s
omet
imes
be
nece
ssar
y,
but o
ne s
houl
d no
t go
alon
g w
ith it
si
mpl
y to
“do
as
the
Rom
ans
do.”
25
Kod
ak in
Tai
wan
�W
hat t
o do
abo
ut th
e br
iefc
ase?
�T
he m
anag
er d
ispa
tche
d a
trus
ted
subo
rdin
ate
to
retu
rn th
e br
iefc
ase
to th
e ow
ner.
�H
e se
nt a
vag
uely
wor
ded
mes
sage
to th
e ow
ner’s
bos
s, s
tatin
g th
at h
e w
as r
etur
ning
lost
pr
oper
ty.
�T
he o
wne
r cl
early
got
the
cash
from
his
bos
s.
�O
ther
wis
e th
e m
anag
er w
ould
thi
nk th
e m
oney
was
de
liver
ed.
26
Kod
ak in
Tai
wan
�C
rony
ism
≠br
iber
y�
Res
po
nsi
ble
cro
nyis
m is
not
cor
rupt
ing.
�C
an b
e ad
vant
ageo
us in
Con
fuci
an c
ultu
re.
�P
robl
emat
ic in
go
vern
men
t�
Chi
nese
civ
il se
rvic
e ex
ams.
Han
Dyn
asty
, >
200
0 ye
ars
ago.
Exa
m
boot
hs18
73
27
Effi
cien
cy v
s. S
tabi
lity
�B
riber
y is
a n
atur
al w
eakn
ess
of
rela
tions
hip-
base
d cu
lture
s.�
It is
a s
hort
cut t
o re
latio
nshi
p bu
ildin
g.
28
Effi
cien
cy v
s. S
tabi
lity
�C
heat
ing
is a
nat
ural
wea
knes
s of
rul
e-ba
sed
cultu
res.
�M
ore
relia
nce
on g
uilt
and
resp
ect f
or r
ules
than
su
perv
isio
n.
29
Effi
cien
cy v
s. S
tabi
lity
�R
ule-
base
d, tr
ansp
aren
t bus
ines
s is
fas
t an
d e
ffic
ien
t.�
Can
do
busi
ness
with
str
ange
rs.
�N
o ne
ed to
bui
ld p
erso
nal t
rust
rel
atio
nshi
ps.
�B
ut it
is u
nst
able
.�
Rel
ies
on fu
nctio
nal p
oliti
cal/l
egal
env
ironm
ent
�V
ulne
rabl
e to
une
thic
al b
ehav
ior
–e.
g.,
finan
cial
cris
is
30
Effi
cien
cy v
s. S
tabi
lity
�R
elat
ions
hip-
base
d bu
sine
ss is
slo
wbu
t ca
n be
ver
y st
able
.�
Bui
lt gr
eat c
ivili
zatio
ns.
�S
urvi
ved
1000
s of
yea
rs o
f po
litic
al u
phea
val i
n C
hina
(o
ldes
t liv
ing
civi
lizat
ion)
..
31
Enr
on in
Indi
a�
The
Dab
hol e
lect
ric p
ower
pla
nt.
�In
dia’
s la
rges
t-ev
er p
rivat
e fo
reig
n in
vest
men
t.�
Spe
arhe
aded
by
Enr
on (
1992
).�
Bec
htel
& G
E
also
invo
lved
.
32
Enr
on in
Indi
a�
Loca
ted
at D
abho
l in
Mah
aras
htra
Sta
te (
1992
).
�A
ddre
ssed
gro
win
g In
dian
eco
nom
y &
un
relia
ble
elec
tric
ity s
uppl
y.�
Spe
arhe
aded
by
Enr
on e
xecu
tive
Reb
ecca
Mar
k.�
In p
rinci
ple,
a
brill
iant
idea
.
Dab
hol
33
Enr
on in
Indi
a�
Reb
ecca
Mar
k of
Enr
on
obta
ined
gua
rant
ee o
f 25%
R
OI f
rom
Indi
an g
over
nmen
t.�
Yet
ele
ctric
ity p
rice
proj
ecte
d to
be
2 to
5 ti
mes
pre
vaili
ng r
ate.
�D
ue p
artly
to r
elia
nce
on L
NG
fr
om E
nron
sub
sidi
ary
in Q
atar
. �
Her
flam
boya
nt m
anne
r at
trac
ted
med
ia a
ttent
ion.
34
Enr
on in
Indi
a�
Indi
an p
oliti
cal s
ituat
ion
�C
ongr
ess
Par
ty w
as in
pol
itica
l tro
uble
.�
Par
ty o
f Neh
ru, I
ndira
Gan
dhi,
Raj
iv G
andh
i, S
onia
G
andh
i.
�A
ccus
ed o
f cor
rupt
ion.
35
�B
JP (
Bha
ratiy
a Ja
nata
Par
ty)
expl
oite
d H
indu
na
tiona
lism
& d
isco
nten
t with
Con
gres
s pa
rty.
�H
indu
nat
iona
lists
des
troy
mos
que
at
Ayo
dhya
in 1
992,
with
bac
king
from
A
. B. V
ajpa
yee
and
BJP
. R
iots
res
ult
in 2
000
deat
hs.
�B
JP c
omes
to p
ower
in 1
998,
with
V
ajpa
yee
as P
.M.
Enr
on in
Indi
a�
Indi
an p
oliti
cal s
ituat
ion
�C
ongr
ess
Par
ty w
as in
pol
itica
l tro
uble
.�
Par
ty o
f Neh
ru, I
ndira
Gan
dhi,
Raj
iv G
andh
i, S
onia
G
andh
i.
�A
ccus
ed o
f cor
rupt
ion.
36
Enr
on in
Indi
a�
Bec
ame
an is
sue
in B
JP
cam
paig
n.�
BJP
lead
er G
opin
ath
Mun
de
stat
ed…
�
“It i
s re
ason
ably
cle
ar th
at s
ever
al
unse
en fa
ctor
s an
d fo
rces
see
m to
ha
ve w
orke
d to
get
Enr
on w
hat i
t w
ante
d.”
�Jo
urna
list R
aghu
Dha
r re
port
ed
Enr
on’s
off
er o
f $1
mill
ion
per
year
for
him
to k
eep
quie
t.
�E
nron
pla
yed
into
BJP
’s h
and.
37
Enr
on in
Indi
a�
Muc
h pu
blic
pro
test
.�
Am
nest
y In
tern
atio
nal c
ited
roug
h tr
eatm
ent o
f de
mon
stra
tors
.
38
Enr
on in
Indi
a�
Indi
an g
over
nmen
t bac
ked
off f
rom
dea
l afte
r B
JP to
ok p
ower
.�
Bus
h ad
min
istr
atio
n pr
essu
red
Indi
a�
Vis
its fr
om D
ick
Che
ney,
Col
in P
owel
l.
�D
ropp
ed th
e m
atte
r af
ter
9/11
, Enr
on tr
oubl
es.
39
Enr
on in
Indi
a
�R
ebec
ca M
ark
pass
ed o
ver
for
Enr
on C
EO
.�
Ken
Lay
cho
se J
effr
ey S
killi
ng
40
Enr
on in
Indi
a
�P
ower
pla
nt s
at m
ostly
idle
until
200
9.�
Bei
ng b
roug
ht o
nlin
e sl
owly
by In
dian
gov
ernm
ent.
41
Enr
on in
Indi
a�
Less
ons
�B
riber
y in
the
sens
e of
influ
ence
ped
dlin
g is
cor
rupt
.�
Eve
n if
it is
rat
her
freq
uent
.
�“F
acili
tatin
g pa
ymen
ts”
requ
ire a
diff
eren
t ana
lysi
s.
�U
nder
stan
d th
e po
litic
al a
nd c
ultu
ral s
ituat
ion.
42
Enr
on in
Indi
a�
How
to g
et th
ings
don
e�
Wor
k th
roug
h co
nnec
tions
�F
amily
, fr
iend
s of
fam
ily.
�C
onta
cts
with
hig
h-ra
nkin
g pe
ople
.
43
LKK
in C
hina
�LK
K (
Lee
Kum
Kee
) fo
od a
nd h
ealth
pro
duct
s�
Fou
nded
in r
ural
Gua
ngdo
ng p
rovi
nce
in 1
888.
�B
y 20
05, 3
900
wor
kers
.
�M
arke
ts in
80
coun
trie
s.
44
LKK
in C
hina
�LK
K�
Lee
Man
Tat
is g
roup
cha
irman
.�
App
oint
ed 4
son
s to
hea
dco
mpa
ny d
ivis
ions
.
�S
eeks
pro
fess
iona
l man
ager
sw
ho a
re “
cultu
rally
attu
ned
to
the
firm
and
to fa
mily
as
CE
Os
of it
s di
visi
ons”
45
LKK
in C
hina
�LK
K�
Res
pons
ible
nep
otis
m n
eed
not b
e co
rrup
ting
in a
Con
fuci
an c
onte
xt.
46
Nor
tel i
n C
anad
a�
Nor
tel N
etw
orks
�B
ill-a
nd-h
old
tran
sact
ions
.�
Cus
tom
er ta
kes
deliv
ery
next
qu
arte
r.
�N
orte
l rec
ords
re
venu
e th
is
quar
ter.
�F
or p
urpo
se o
f in
com
e sm
oo
thin
g.
47
Nor
tel i
n C
anad
a�
Nor
tel N
etw
orks
�G
AA
P c
ondi
tions
for
bill-
and-
hold
�Le
gitim
ate
busi
ness
rea
son.
�C
usto
mer
req
uest
s it.
�N
orte
l off
ered
ince
ntiv
es to
cus
tom
ers…
�T
o re
ques
t bill
-and
-hol
d in
writ
ing.
�E
.g.,
disc
ount
s.
48
Nor
tel i
n C
anad
a�
Acc
ount
ing
frau
d�
Lack
of t
ran
spar
ency
is c
orru
ptin
g�
Fam
ily-b
ased
bus
ines
s is
cul
tura
lly in
feas
ible
in
muc
h of
the
Wes
t�
Fam
ilies
are
too
wea
k to
with
stan
d st
ress
.
�M
ust t
here
fore
do
busi
ness
with
str
ange
rs.
�R
equi
res
tran
spar
ency
.
�T
his
is th
e pu
rpos
e of
acc
ount
ing.
49
Nor
tel i
n C
anad
a�
A c
ase
of li
ght s
uper
visi
on�
Exe
cutiv
es a
rres
ted
June
200
8, b
ut…
�P
erha
ps o
nly
beca
use
of e
greg
ious
vio
latio
ns o
ver
year
s.
�N
orte
l file
d fo
rba
nkru
ptcy
inJa
nuar
y 20
09.
Fra
nk D
unn,
form
er N
orte
l CE
O
50
Cel
tel i
n W
est A
fric
a�
Wire
less
ser
vice
foun
ded
in 1
998.
�M
o Ib
rahi
m (
Sud
anes
e) &
Ter
ry R
hode
s (B
ritis
h)
51
Cel
tel i
n W
est A
fric
a�
Wire
less
ser
vice
foun
ded
in 1
998.
�M
o Ib
rahi
m (
Sud
anes
e) &
Ter
ry R
hode
s (B
ritis
h)�
Pur
chas
ed $
750K
op
erat
ing
licen
se,
appr
oval
bog
ged
dow
n.
52
Cel
tel i
n W
est A
fric
a�
Wire
less
ser
vice
foun
ded
in 1
998.
�M
o Ib
rahi
m (
Sud
anes
e) &
Ter
ry R
hode
s (B
ritis
h)�
Pur
chas
ed $
750K
op
erat
ing
licen
se,
appr
oval
bog
ged
dow
n.�
Req
uest
ed m
eetin
g w
ith o
ffic
ials
.�
Aw
kwar
d si
lenc
e af
ter
intr
oduc
tions
.
53
Cel
tel i
n W
est A
fric
a
�F
ax h
ad r
eque
sted
$50
K b
ribes
for
mee
ting.
�W
as s
ent t
o A
mst
erda
m o
ffice
that
mor
ning
.
54
Cel
tel i
n W
est A
fric
a�
Brib
ery
repr
esen
ts c
orru
ptio
n of
vill
age
lead
ersh
ip
cust
oms.
�R
atio
nal r
edis
trib
utio
n of
wea
lth t
hrou
gh le
ader
’s
patr
onag
e.
�U
nder
min
ed b
y m
igra
tion
of m
en fr
om v
illag
es.
55
Sce
nario
: Mid
dle
Eas
t
�M
BA
stu
dent
in T
urke
y.�
Pay
men
t dem
ande
d at
pas
spor
t con
trol
.�
Not
act
ually
co
rrup
ting.
�O
ther
brib
es
may
be
corr
uptin
g.
56
Sce
nario
: Mid
dle
Eas
t
�W
asta
in th
e M
iddl
e E
ast
�A
utho
rity
of s
heik
hs.
�W
asta
as a
cces
s to
influ
entia
l peo
ple.
�G
ood
was
ta a
nd b
ad w
asta
57
Sce
nario
: Kor
ea
�P
erm
it fo
r U
.S. a
ccou
ntin
g fir
m.
�C
onsu
ltant
off
ers
to d
eliv
er a
“gi
ft.”
58
Sce
nario
: Kor
ea
�P
erm
it fo
r U
.S. a
ccou
ntin
g fir
m.
�C
onsu
ltant
off
ers
to d
eliv
er a
“gi
ft.”
�C
ultu
ral r
ole
of g
ifts.
�T
oken
of g
ratit
ude.
�W
eddi
ng o
r co
ndol
ence
.
59
Sce
nario
: Kor
ea
�R
egul
atio
n an
d ch
aebo
l.�
Gift
s as
cem
entin
g a
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
busi
ness
and
reg
ulat
or.
60
Eth
ics
and
pers
onho
od
�W
este
rn c
ultu
res
�H
uman
s ar
e ra
tiona
l, au
tono
mou
s in
divi
dual
s.�
No
indi
vidu
al c
an h
ave
inhe
rent
aut
horit
y.
�F
ocus
on
just
ice,
equa
lity
�R
ules
mus
t hav
eau
thor
ity b
ecau
se
they
are
rea
sona
ble.
�U
nive
rsal
ity o
f rea
son.
61
Eth
ics
and
pers
onho
od
�M
iddl
e E
aste
rn c
ultu
res
�M
onot
heis
m.
�W
orld
is s
ecul
ar, w
hich
give
s pe
rmis
sion
tom
anip
ulat
e na
ture
.
�O
ne G
od im
plie
s th
atG
od’s
law
mus
t be
univ
ersa
l.
�R
elat
ions
hip-
base
d,bu
t wel
l dev
elop
edle
gal t
radi
tion.
62
Eth
ics
and
pers
onho
od
�C
onfu
cian
cul
ture
s�
Per
sonh
ood
is d
efin
ed b
y re
late
dnes
s to
ex
tend
ed fa
mily
.�
Per
sona
l aut
horit
y an
d sa
ving
fac
e.
�N
on-f
amily
rel
atio
nsba
sed
on g
uānx
ì.
�D
uty
to fa
mily
and
frie
nds.
�S
tabl
e, n
ontr
ansp
aren
tsy
stem
.
�Ju
stic
e se
cond
ary.
63
Eth
ics
and
pers
onho
od
�M
any
Afr
ican
cul
ture
s�
Uni
t of h
uman
exi
sten
ce is
the
com
mun
ity.
�In
divi
dual
wel
fare
inse
para
ble
from
com
mun
alw
elfa
re.
�R
edis
trib
utio
nof
res
ourc
es,
perh
aps
by
chie
f.
�S
een
as
dysf
unct
iona
lto
day,
but
may
of
fer
less
ons
in c
omm
unal
cul
ture
.
64
Eth
ics
and
pers
onho
od
�H
indu
cul
ture
�H
uman
s ar
e de
fined
by
conn
ecte
dnes
s.�
Uni
ty o
f bra
hman
/atm
an is
ref
ined
exp
ress
ion.
�Id
eal i
s im
perf
ectly
real
ized
inne
twor
king
.
�P
roje
ct:
striv
eto
war
d id
eal
rath
er th
anat
tem
pt to
Wes
tern
ize.
65
Cor
rupt
ion
and
cultu
re
�C
ultu
ral d
iver
sity
�F
orce
d bl
endi
ng o
f cul
ture
s ca
n le
ad to
dy
sfun
ctio
n an
d co
rrup
tion.
�C
orru
ptio
n ca
n of
cou
rse
be in
dige
nous
as
wel
l.
66
Cor
rupt
ion
and
cultu
re
�C
ultu
ral d
iver
sity
�F
orce
d bl
endi
ng o
f cul
ture
s ca
n le
ad to
dy
sfun
ctio
n an
d co
rrup
tion.
�C
orru
ptio
n ca
n of
cou
rse
be in
dige
nous
as
wel
l.
�B
ut c
oexi
sten
ce p
rese
rves
res
ourc
es fo
r de
alin
g w
ith r
apid
ly c
hang
ing
wor
ld.
�C
ultu
res
have
bor
row
ed f
rom
eac
h ot
her
for
eons
, w
ithou
t sa
crifi
cing
thei
r in
tegr
ity.
67
Cor
rupt
ion
and
cultu
re
�C
ultu
ral d
iver
sity
�F
orce
d bl
endi
ng o
f cul
ture
s ca
n le
ad to
dy
sfun
ctio
n an
d co
rrup
tion.
�C
orru
ptio
n ca
n of
cou
rse
be in
dige
nous
as
wel
l.
�B
ut c
oexi
sten
ce p
rese
rves
res
ourc
es fo
r de
alin
g w
ith r
apid
ly c
hang
ing
wor
ld.
�C
ultu
res
have
bor
row
ed f
rom
eac
h ot
her
for
eons
, w
ithou
t sa
crifi
cing
thei
r in
tegr
ity.
�D
iver
sity
per
se
is n
ot a
sou
rce
of c
onfli
ct.
68
Cor
rupt
ion
and
cultu
re
�C
ultu
ral d
iver
sity
�Li
ke e
colo
gica
l div
ersi
ty, i
t is
good
for
the
plan
et.
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