core of punto fijo - peripheral to bolivarianismo venezuelan political venezuelan party system (1958...
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Core of Punto Fijo - Peripheral to
Bolivarianismo
Venezuelan Political Venezuelan Party System (1958 -
2011):
Multi-Party System (1958 – 1973)
Acción Democrática COPEI Radical Left
PCV Guerrillas
Personalistic Movements URD
Larrazabal Villalba
FND
ACCIÓN DEMOCRÁTICA Impact of a decade in the Resistance First round of divisions from the “Old
Guard” Calming impact of the Leoni coalition The Split of December 1967
COPEI
The party grows under two AD governments
Party growth during the first Caldera government (1969-73)
Struggle to control COPEI The Herrera Challenge Rafael Caldera’s domination of the
party
MILITANT LEFT
The Communists and their dance with the MIR (Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionario)
The Prague Spring leads to division and weakening of the PCV Emergence of the MAS (Movimiento hacia el
Socialismo) CAUSA R
Personalistic Movements
Admiral Larrazabal Truncated association
with URD Popular Democratic Force
in 1963 Arturo USLAR Pietri and
the National Democratic Front
Opportunistic candidacy of Miguel A. Burelli Rivas
Military Junta: January 1958
Multi-Party System ends with the elections of 1973
Polarization of Electorate COPEI seen as viable
alternative to AD Petroleum income
increases distributive capability of democratic political parties
AD & COPEI benefit from use of patronage
Prospect of a Petro-bonanza dampens revolutionary ardor on the left
Carlos Andres Perez: Este hombre; Si camina!
Political Parties during the Petro-bonanza
AD AD (under C.A. Perez, 1974-79) promises fifty
years of progress in five Resource abundance revives mentality of
1950’s Split between Perez & Betancourt leads to
defeat COPEI
Skillful conduct of opposition to C.A. Perez Herrera wins presidential elections of 1978 Corruption reaches unprecedented levels
Political Parties during the Petro-bonanza – more
Militant Left MAS (co-opted) gets crumbs Other leftist movements almost invisible
PCV Causa R
LAST HURRAH Of the Extended Bi-Party System
The Lusinchi Administration (1984-89)
Merger of party and government is unprecedented
International price of petroleum continues declining
Heavy borrowing based on assumption that petroleum prices will recover
Manipulation of foreign reserves insures a victory by the AD candidate in December 1988
1983 Presidential Campaign
Decline and Collapse of the Extended Bi-Party System I
The second C.A. Perez Government (1989-93) Electoral returns Urban riots of February 1989 General strike of May 1989 Neo-liberal Privatization Programs Undermine AD
and COPEI Military coups of 1992
February 4: Hugo Chavez and the Bolivarians Eduardo Fernandez’s support for C.A. Perez
fractures COPEI Second coup attempt (November 27), by Navy and
Air Force Elites decide that C.A. Perez must go Impeachment of C.A. Perez (May,1993)
Decline and Collapse of the Extended Bi-Party System I I Elections of December 1993
COPEI squanders its opportunity Resistance to leadership over backing for CAP Generational clash Finishes third in presidential balloting
Ressurrection of Rafael Caldera Convergencia MAS signs on
AD moves to a new generation CAUSA R finishes a strong fourth
Elections of 1998 and the Emergence of MVR
Caldera fails to establish a Christian Democratic alternative
Rise and decline of Irene Saez International backing COPEI’ S “kiss of death”
AD Alfaro’s attempt to manipulate the electoral
results backfires AD abandons Alfaro for Enrique Salas Romer
Elections of 1998 and the Emergence of MVR
Hugo Chávez Frías becomes only viable opposition candidate Caldera discredited COPEI discredited AD Discredited
MAS adds organizational backing AD Chavez’s charisma increases as Miss
Venezuela self-destructs Chavez wins with 57% of the total vote.
A New Era
Hugo Fries Chavez: The Fifth Republic Begins
Chavez supported by a “movement,” (MVR) rather than by an organized political party
AD and COPEI become progressively weaker
Mega-elections of August 2000 gives Chavez 60% of the popular vote
Opposition Political Parties undergo
deinstitutionalization Institutional
structures of AD and COPEI decay
MAS destroyed by Chavez personally
New Alternatives relatively weak Primera Justicia Un Tiempo Nuevo Regional political
parties
38% of presidential vote in 2006
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