copyright oracle corporation, 1999. all rights reserved. i introduction
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I-2 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
ObjectivesObjectives
After completing this lesson, you should be After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: able to do the following:
• List the features of Oracle 11g.
• Discuss the theoretical and physical aspects of a relational database.
• Describe the Oracle implementation of the RDBMS and ORDBMS.
• Understand the goals of the course.
After completing this lesson, you should be After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: able to do the following:
• List the features of Oracle 11g.
• Discuss the theoretical and physical aspects of a relational database.
• Describe the Oracle implementation of the RDBMS and ORDBMS.
• Understand the goals of the course.
I-3 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Goals of the CourseGoals of the CourseAfter completing this course, you should be able After completing this course, you should be able to do the following:to do the following:
•Retrieve row and column data from tables with Retrieve row and column data from tables with the SELECT statement.the SELECT statement.
•Create reports of sorted and restricted data.Create reports of sorted and restricted data.
•Employ SQL functions to generate and retrieve Employ SQL functions to generate and retrieve customized data.customized data.
•Run data manipulation language (DML) Run data manipulation language (DML) statement to update data in Oracle.statement to update data in Oracle.
•Obtain metadata by querying the dictionary Obtain metadata by querying the dictionary views.views.
After completing this course, you should be able After completing this course, you should be able to do the following:to do the following:
•Retrieve row and column data from tables with Retrieve row and column data from tables with the SELECT statement.the SELECT statement.
•Create reports of sorted and restricted data.Create reports of sorted and restricted data.
•Employ SQL functions to generate and retrieve Employ SQL functions to generate and retrieve customized data.customized data.
•Run data manipulation language (DML) Run data manipulation language (DML) statement to update data in Oracle.statement to update data in Oracle.
•Obtain metadata by querying the dictionary Obtain metadata by querying the dictionary views.views.
I-4 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Relational and Object Relational Database Management SystemsRelational and Object Relational Database Management Systems
•Relational model and object relational Relational model and object relational
model, both supported by Oracle.model, both supported by Oracle.
•User-defined data types and objects.User-defined data types and objects.
•Fully compatible with relational databaseFully compatible with relational database
•Support of multimedia and large objectsSupport of multimedia and large objects
•High-quality database server features. High-quality database server features.
•Relational model and object relational Relational model and object relational
model, both supported by Oracle.model, both supported by Oracle.
•User-defined data types and objects.User-defined data types and objects.
•Fully compatible with relational databaseFully compatible with relational database
•Support of multimedia and large objectsSupport of multimedia and large objects
•High-quality database server features. High-quality database server features.
I-5 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
System Development Life CycleSystem Development Life Cycle
StrategyStrategyandand
AnalysisAnalysisDesignDesign
BuildBuildandand
DocumentDocument
TransitionTransition
ProductionProduction
I-6 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Data Storage on Different MediaData Storage on Different Media
Electronic Electronic spreadsheetspreadsheet
Filing cabinetFiling cabinet
DatabaseDatabase
SALGRADESALGRADE GRADE LOSAL HISAL
--------- --------- ---------
1 700 1200
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999
SALGRADESALGRADE GRADE LOSAL HISAL
--------- --------- ---------
1 700 1200
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999
DEPTDEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- ----------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW
YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
DEPTDEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- ----------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW
YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
I-7 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Relational Database ConceptRelational Database Concept
• Dr. E.F. Codd proposed the relational model for database systems in 1970.
• It is the basis for the relational database management system (RDBMS).
• The relational model consists of the following:
– Collection of objects or relations
– Set of operators to act on the relations
– Data integrity for accuracy and consistency
• Dr. E.F. Codd proposed the relational model for database systems in 1970.
• It is the basis for the relational database management system (RDBMS).
• The relational model consists of the following:
– Collection of objects or relations
– Set of operators to act on the relations
– Data integrity for accuracy and consistency
I-8 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Definition of a Relational Database
Definition of a Relational Database
A relational database is a collection of relations or A relational database is a collection of relations or two-dimensional tables.two-dimensional tables.A relational database is a collection of relations or A relational database is a collection of relations or two-dimensional tables.two-dimensional tables.
DatabaseDatabase
EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO
7839 KING PRESIDENT 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 20
EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO
7839 KING PRESIDENT 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 20
Table Name: Table Name: EMPLOYEESEMPLOYEES
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
Table Name: Table Name: DEPARTMENTSDEPARTMENTS
I-9 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Data ModelsData Models
Model ofModel ofsystemsystem
in client’sin client’smindmind
Entity model ofEntity model ofclient’s modelclient’s model
Table modelTable modelof entity modelof entity model
Tables on diskTables on disk
ServerServer
I-10 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
• Create an entity relationship diagram from business specifications or narratives
• Scenario– “. . . Assign one or more employees to a
department . . .”– “. . . Some departments do not yet have
assigned employees . . .”
• Create an entity relationship diagram from business specifications or narratives
• Scenario– “. . . Assign one or more employees to a
department . . .”– “. . . Some departments do not yet have
assigned employees . . .”
Entity Relationship ModelEntity Relationship Model
EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo job titlejob title
EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo job titlejob title
DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo locationlocation
DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo locationlocation
assigned toassigned toassigned toassigned to
composed ofcomposed ofcomposed ofcomposed of
I-11 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions
Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions
EntityEntitySoft boxSoft boxSingular, unique nameSingular, unique nameUppercaseUppercaseSynonym in parenthesesSynonym in parentheses
AttributeAttributeSingular nameSingular nameLowercaseLowercaseMandatory marked with “*”Mandatory marked with “*”Optional marked with “o”Optional marked with “o”
Unique Identifier (UID)Unique Identifier (UID)Primary marked with “#”Primary marked with “#”Secondary marked with “(#)”Secondary marked with “(#)”
EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo job titlejob title
EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo job titlejob title
DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo locationlocation
DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo locationlocation
assigned toassigned toassigned toassigned to
composed ofcomposed ofcomposed ofcomposed of
I-13 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Relational Database TerminologyRelational Database Terminology
1
2 3 4
5
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
------------- ------------ --------------------- -------- ---------------- ----------- -------------- -----------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
6
I-14 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Relating Multiple TablesRelating Multiple Tables
• Each row of data in a table is uniquely identified by a primary key (PK).
• Each row of data in a table is uniquely identified by a primary key (PK).
Table Name: Table Name: EMPEMP Table Name: Table Name: DEPTDEPT
Primary keyPrimary key Primary keyPrimary key
• You can logically relate data from multiple tables using foreign keys (FK).
• You can logically relate data from multiple tables using foreign keys (FK).
Foreign keyForeign key
EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO
7839 KING PRESIDENT 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 20
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
I-15 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Relational Database PropertiesRelational Database Properties
A relational database A relational database
• Can be accessed and modified by executing structured query language (SQL) statements
• Contains a collection of tables with no physical pointers
• Uses a set of operators
A relational database A relational database
• Can be accessed and modified by executing structured query language (SQL) statements
• Contains a collection of tables with no physical pointers
• Uses a set of operators
I-16 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Communicating with a RDBMS Using SQL
Communicating with a RDBMS Using SQL
SQL> SELECT loc 2 FROM dept;
SQL> SELECT loc 2 FROM dept;
SQL statementSQL statementis enteredis entered
DatabaseDatabase
Statement is sent to Statement is sent to databasedatabase
LOC
-------------
NEW YORK
DALLAS
CHICAGO
BOSTON
LOC
-------------
NEW YORK
DALLAS
CHICAGO
BOSTON
Data is displayedData is displayed
I-17 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Relational Database Management SystemRelational Database Management System
User tablesUser tables Data Data dictionarydictionary
ServerServer
I-18 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Oracle Internet PlatformOracle Internet PlatformClients
Sys
tem
man
agem
ent
Network services
DatabasesApplication
servers
Develo
pm
ent to
ols
Internet applications
Presentation andbusiness logic
Business logicand data
Any browser Any FTP clientAny mailclient
JavaJava
SQLSQLSQLSQL
PL/SQLPL/SQLPL/SQLPL/SQL
I-19 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
SQL StatementsSQL StatementsSELECT SELECT INSERTINSERTUPDATEUPDATEDELETEDELETE
CREATECREATEALTERALTERDROPDROPRENAMERENAMETRUNCATETRUNCATE
COMMITCOMMITROLLBACKROLLBACKSAVEPOINTSAVEPOINT
GRANTGRANTREVOKEREVOKE
Data manipulation language (DML)Data manipulation language (DML)
Data definition language (DDL)Data definition language (DDL)
Transaction controlTransaction control
Data control language (DCL)Data control language (DCL)
I-20 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
Tables Used in the CourseTables Used in the Course
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
--------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
--------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
EMPLOYEESEMPLOYEES
DEPARTMENTSDEPARTMENTS
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- ----------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- ----------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
GRADE LOSAL HISAL
--------- --------- ---------
1 700 1200
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999
GRADE LOSAL HISAL
--------- --------- ---------
1 700 1200
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999
JOB_GRADESJOB_GRADES
I-21 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1999. All rights reserved.
SummarySummary
• The database is based on the object relational database management system.
• Relational databases are composed of relations, managed by relational operations, and governed by data integrity constraints.
• The Oracle Server allows you to store and manage information by using the SQL language and PL/SQL engine.
• The database is based on the object relational database management system.
• Relational databases are composed of relations, managed by relational operations, and governed by data integrity constraints.
• The Oracle Server allows you to store and manage information by using the SQL language and PL/SQL engine.
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