copyright, kevin w bowyer, 2002. (revised 25 sept 2002) video surveillance, biometrics, and privacy...
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Copyright, Kevin W Bowyer, 2002. (revised 25 Sept 2002)
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy After 9-11
Professor Kevin BowyerComputer Science & Engineering
University of Notre Dame
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Disclaimers
I receive research funding from the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency under
the “Human ID At A Distance” program.
I have no financial interest in any biometrics
related company.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Overview
The “right to privacy.”
“Response-to-terrorism” motivation.
State of biometric surveillance.
The privacy versus security tradeoff.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Video Surveillance or Privacy?
In what public places do you already assume you are under video surveillance?
When you walk into a building from a parking lot?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Video Surveillance or Privacy?
In what public places do you already assume you are under video surveillance?
When you shop at your favorite store? Or go to your bank?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Video Surveillance or Privacy?
In what public places do you already assume you are under video surveillance?
When you buy gas for your car?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Video Surveillance or Privacy?
What if these daily instances of video surveillance were not just isolated commercial interests, …
but instead all part of a networked national government security plan?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
The “Right to Privacy”
“The Supreme Court has
explained that government action
constitutes a search when it
invades a person’s reasonable
expectation of privacy. …
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
The “Right to Privacy”
Do citizens have a “right to privacy”
from the government?
If so, what is the basis for it?
Where does it apply and not apply?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
The “Right to Privacy”
“But the court has also found that a
person does not have a reasonable
expectation of privacy with regard
to physical characteristics that are
constantly exposed to the public, …
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
The “Right to Privacy”
So although the Fourth Amendment
requires that a search conducted by
government actors be ‘reasonable,’
which generally means that there
must be some degree of suspicion …
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
The “Right to Privacy”
… the scan of spectators’ facial
characteristics at the Super Bowl
did not constitute a search.”
John Woodard, RAND Tech Rep.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
The “Right to Privacy”
In summary –
There is no clear constitutional
barrier to government deploying a
national video surveillance,
identification, and tracking system.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Why Video Surveillance & ID?
On 9-11 of 2001, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners and murdered over 3,000 people.
Their stated motivation is hatred for America and its support of Israel, plus Islamic religious justification.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Why Video Surveillance & ID?
Some of the terrorists were known to the government and on “watch lists.”
Khalid Al-Midhar, terrorist on the plane that crashed into the Pentagon.
Mohamed Atta, terrorist on the plane that crashed into the WTC NT.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Why Video Surveillance & ID?
Consider the following scenario outlined in a Business Week article on 5 November 2001:
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Why Video Surveillance & ID?
“As the Saudi Arabian [Al-Midhar]
strolled into a meeting with some of
Osama bin Laden’s lieutenants in
Kaula Lumpur in December 1999,
he was videotaped by a Malaysian
surveillance team.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Why Video Surveillance & ID?
The tape was turned over to U.S.
intelligence officials and, after
several months, Al-Midhar’s name
was put on the INS’s “watch list”
of potential terrorists. …
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Why Video Surveillance & ID?
Using biometric profiling, it would
have been possible to make a
precise digital map of his face.
This data could have been hooked
to airport surveillance cameras.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Why Video Surveillance & ID?
When cameras captured Al-Midhar,
an alarm would have sounded,
allowing cops to take him into
custody.”
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Why Video Surveillance & ID?
So if it worked as well as the Business Week article suggests, would you …
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Why Video Surveillance & ID?
So if it worked as well as the Business Week article suggests, would you …
Want it in every airport?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Why Video Surveillance & ID?
So if it worked as well as the Business Week article suggests, would you …
Want it in every airport?
and at every border crossing?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Why Video Surveillance & ID?
So if it worked as well as the Business Week article suggests, would you …
Want it in every airport?
and at every border crossing?
and every federal building?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Why Video Surveillance & ID?
So if it worked as well as the Business Week article suggests, would you …
Want it in every airport?
and at every border crossing?
and every federal building?
and stadiums, malls, etc?
If so, you would not be alone!
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Why Video Surveillance & ID?
In a poll just after 9-11, 86% favored “use of face recognition technology to scan for suspected terrorists at various locations and public events.”
Six months later, support still at 81%.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Biometric Technologies
A biometric is something about a
person that can be measured and
used to identify the person.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Biometric Technologies
Numerous biometrics exist:
Fingerprint FaceIris Retinal scanHand shape EarGait …
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Biometric Technologies
Different biometrics may be:
– invasive / non-invasive – contact / non-contact – near / at a distance– cooperative / non-cooperative
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Biometric Technologies
The ideal surveillance technology would be
– non-contact – at a distance– non-cooperative
also fast, cheap, and accurate.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Biometric Technologies
Commercial face recognition systems have been evaluated for airport security applications.
Recognition from gait is another hot area of biometrics research.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
A Face Recognition System
“Watch List”or “Gallery”
Detect Face
ExtractFeatures
Video Feed
“Probe”
matching algorithm
(probe, possible matches) Police
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Some Terminology
TruePositive
FalseNegative
TrueNegative
FalsePositive
What the system reportsinnocentcitizen
wantedterrorist
wantedterrorist
innocentcitizen
Whatis
reallyin thescene
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Practical Performance Tests
The Visionics face recognition system was tested at the Palm Beach Int’l airport in March-April 2002. The ACLU used FOIA to obtain a report and post it on the web.
(Visionics has now merged to become Identix.)
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Practical Performance Tests
Palm Beach airport test results:• about 50% true positives• 3 false alarms per hour• processing 10,000 images / day.
Is this good or bad?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Practical Performance Tests
An ACLU representative was quoted as saying that the Palm Beach airport evaluation results show that – “face recognition is a disaster.”
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Practical Performance Tests
But would 50% chance of detection deter terrorists?
Would systems at two checkpoints give 3/4 chance of detection? three systems give 7/8 chance? …
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Practical Performance Tests
Palm Beach airport tests also cited the importance of:
– Subject’s head motion– Lighting conditions– Pose off-angle by 15 to 30%– Eyeglasses and glare
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Practical Performance Tests
A test of … systems at Boston’s Logan Airport in May-July 2002 showed greater true positives but also too many false positives to be practical. The director … conducting the test –“It’s not ready for prime time yet.”
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Recognition from Gait
“Gait” refers to walking pattern.
Johansson’s 1973 work with “point light display” is a landmark result.
This was followed by other work showing gender discrimination, and recognition of known persons.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Recognition from Gait
Currently a hot topic in computer vision, DARPA has released a “gait challenge problem” composed of a set of video clips and a sample algorithm.
The first release has clips of 75 people walking under various conditions.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Recognition From Gait
Two surfaces, shoe types, and camera views.
452 sequences (~300GB)
Grass Concrete
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Recognition from Gait
Experiment Probe Difference
A (G, A, L) [71] View
B (G, B, R) [41] Shoe
C (G, B, L) [41] Shoe, View
D (C, A, R) [70] Surface
E (C, B, R) [44] Surface, Shoe
F (C, A, L) [70] Surface, View
G (C, B, L) [44] Surface, Shoe, View
Gallery: (G, A, R) [71]
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Recognition from Gait
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Recognition from Gait
Just as face recognition has now run into dealing with the “hard” or “real” versions of the problem,
Recognition from gait also has hard problems to deal with in order to become a practical surveillance tool.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Recognition from Gait
For more details on the gait analysis challenge problem, see the paper by Phillips et al in ICPR ’02.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Biometric Technologies
It appears that there is modest “real” increase in security from video-based biometrics in short run (2-3 years).
But there may be a deterrent effect.
And technology is rapidly improving.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Biometric Technologies
“Massachusetts governor Swift said she embraced the technology as part of security improvements she ordered at Boston’s Logan airport to restore confidence in flying.”
L. Gay, “Technology: face recognition has limits, some say,” www.nando.net/technology/story/ 214481p-207c.html
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Biometric Technologies
Important principles to remember:
– A person can’t be recognized unless they have been enrolled.
– False positives are unavoidable.
– FPs trade against false negatives.
– A human operator is still needed.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Security versus Privacy
The civil libertarian fear is that
the desire to be safe from
terrorism will push aside reason in
balancing security versus privacy.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Security versus Privacy
Often quoted by civil libertarians:
They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty or safety.
- Benjamin Franklin
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Security versus PrivacyBut a common opposing view is:
Benjamin Franklin said that anyone who gives up essential liberties to preserve freedom is a fool, but maybe he didn’t conceive of nuclear war and dirty bombs.
- Neil Young (musician, “Let’s Roll”)
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Security versus Privacy
The proposed tradeoff is clear –
Loss of some amount of privacy for Increase by some amount in security.
Computing technology largely defines the boundaries of possible tradeoffs.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Media Reports / Opinions
“A computer glitch could match the face of an innocent person with the digital image of a criminal.”
“Super bowl snooping,” NY Times, Feb 4, 2001.
Is it really a “glitch?” Or an unavoidable “feature?”
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Media Reports / Opinions
On the system used at Super Bowl – “The beauty of the system is that it is disguise-proof. You can grow a beard and put on sunglasses, and FaceTrac will still pick you out of a crowd.”
Lev Grossman, “Welcome to the snooper bowl,” Time, Feb 12, 2001.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Media Reports / Opinions
Is use of the term “disguise-proof” in connection with these systems …
Unrestrained technology optimism? Unprofessional journalism? Misleading the public?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Media Reports / Opinions
“A woman in Texas who saw the image claimed the man in the picture was wanted for crimes. She called the Tampa police, who questioned the man, a construction worker. It was the wrong person ...The system … is not 100 percent accurate.”
“Electronic surveillance: From `Big Brother’ Fears to Safety Tool,” NY Times, Dec 6, 2001.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Media Reports / Opinions
What does this incident illustrate?
That the computer isn’t 100% accurate? Or that humans aren’t 100% accurate?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Media Reports / Opinions
Quoting Ed Markey (D., Mass.) – “It’s chilling, the notion that 100,000 people were subject to video surveillance and had their identities checked by the government.”
Lev Grossman, “Welcome to the snooper bowl,” Time, Feb 12, 2001.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Media Reports / Opinions
What do you think of when you hear “had their identities checked?”
Is this an accurate analogy?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Media Reports / Opinions
What do you think of when you hear “had their identities checked?”
Is this an accurate analogy?What about a police lineup?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Media Reports / Opinions
What do you think of when you hear “had their identities checked?”
Is this an accurate analogy?What about a police lineup?Or a policeman on a street corner holding a photo of a suspect?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Media Reports / Opinions
ACLU representatives have claimed that the technology (1) does not work, and (2) it greatly threatens privacy.
Can both claims be true at once?
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Ethical Issues
Ethical issues arise in (at least)
– Protection of privacy.
– Performance claims.
– Public understanding.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
AITP Standards of Conduct
Protect the privacy and confidentiality of all information entrusted to me.
Inform the public in all areas of my expertise.
Insure that products of my work are used in a socially responsible way.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
ACM Code of Ethics
Respect the privacy of others.
Ensure that those affected have their needs clearly articulated.
System must be validated to meet requirements.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Software Eng’g Code of Ethics
Cooperate in efforts to address matters of grave public concern caused by software, ...
Be fair and avoid deception in all statements, particularly public ones, concerning software …
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Software Eng’g Code of Ethics
Ensure that specifications … have been well documented, satisfy the users’ requirements and have the appropriate approvals.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Int’l Biometric Ind. Assoc.
“Accountability in Marketing: Because truth is the key to industry credibility, members attest that their stated claims are accurate and can be independently verified by a competent authority.”
www.ibia.org/principl.htm
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Ethically Responsible?
“… knowing how many checkpoints these people had to go through, we had a high probability to alert, intercept, these individuals maybe August 21-st or 23-rd when they crossed the Canadian border and we would have perhaps foiled the whole plot.”
J. Atick, Visionics CEO, NPR Morning Edition
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
Ethically Responsible?
“It’s simply the fear of change and technology. … Once you’ve adapted, you look back and say ‘I was afraid of what?”’
T. Colasti, CEO of Visionics, inLev Grossman, “Welcome to the snooper bowl,” Time, Feb 12, 2001.
Video Surveillance, Biometrics, and Privacy
The End.
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