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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 19
Inflammation and the Immune Response
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Meet human need for protection by neutralizing, eliminating, or destroying organisms invading the internal environment
Purpose of Inflammation & Immunity
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Proteins on Human Cell Membranes
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Self Versus Non-Self
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Found on surface of most body cellsDetermine tissue type of personKey for recognition and self-tolerance
Human Leukocyte Antigens
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Immune system influenced by many systems (e.g., nervous system, endocrine system, GI system)
Stem cells – Immature, undifferentiated cells; produced by bone marrow
Leukocytes (WBCs) – Protect body from effects of invasion by organisms
Organization of the Immune System
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Stem Cell Differentiation and Maturation
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Any natural protective feature of a person
Provides immediate protection against effects of tissue injury and foreign proteins—critical to health and well-being
Causes visible symptoms and can rid body of harmful organisms; tissue damage may result from excessive response
Inflammation: “Innate Native Immunity”
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Occurs in response to tissue injury, invasion of organisms
Usually accompanied by inflammation, but inflammation can occur without infection
Inflammation does not always mean infection is present!
Infection
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NeutrophilsMacrophagesBasophilsEosinophils
Cell Types Involved in Inflammation
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Phagocytosis
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Five cardinal manifestations of inflammation:◦Warmth ◦Redness◦Swelling◦Pain◦Decreased function
Sequence of Inflammatory Response
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Stage I (vascular) – Change in blood vessels:◦Phase I—constriction◦Phase II—hyperemia & edema
Stage II (cellular exudate) – Neutrophilia, pus
Stage III (tissue repair and replacement) – WBCs trigger new blood vessel and growth (angiogenesis) and scar tissue formation
Sequence of Inflammatory Response
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Antibody - Mediated Immunity
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Agglutination
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Adaptive internal protection resulting in long-term resistance to effects of invading microorganisms
Body must learn to generate specific immune responses when infected by or exposed to specific organisms
Immunity
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Innate-native immunity—natural immunity
Adaptive immunityActive immunityNatural active immunity
Acquiring Antibody – Mediated Immunity
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Artificial active immunityPassive immunityNatural passive immunityArtificial passive immunity
Acquiring Antibody – Mediated Immunity
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Also called cellular immunityInvolves many WBC actions and
interactionsAnother type of adaptive/acquired true
immunityFor total immunocompetence, CMI must
function optimally
Cell – Mediated Immunity (CMI)
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Helps protect body through ability to differentiate self from non-self
Prevents development of cancer and metastasis after exposure to carcinogens
Protection Provided by CMI
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Hyperacute rejectionAcute rejectionChronic rejectionManagement of transplant rejectionMaintenance therapyRescue therapy
Transplant Rejection
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CHAPTER 19
AUDIENCE RESPONSE SYSTEM
QUESTIONS
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Immune function is most efficient when people are which age?
A. InfancyB. Teen yearsC. 20 to 30 yearsD. 50 years and older
QUESTION 1
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
A 37-year-old man with polycystic kidney disease is on the kidney transplant list. He is to receive 2 units of leukocyte-poor packed red blood cells to treat a low hemoglobin. He asks the nurse why he needs this type of blood. What is the nurse’s best response?
A. “All pre-transplant patients receive leukocyte-poor blood because it is absorbed better by the body.”
B. “It causes fewer blood reactions for pre-transplant patients.”
C. “It is less likely to causes hemolysis, or destruction of the blood cells, after transfusion.”
D. “It will decrease the risk of obtaining white cells from the donor that could make it harder for your transplanted kidney to function.”
QUESTION 2
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True or False: Inflammation means that an infection is present.
A. TrueB. False
QUESTION 3
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