copiute la politologie in engleza

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POLITICAL IDEOLOGY 

Political ideology means a set of beliefsabout the proper order and how it can beachieved. Typically an ideologyis the creationof some identiable groups (political,economic anf others.)

 This groups are created for the purposefor spreading or maintaining its perspectiveon reality among themselves and others. Oneect an ideology creates the assumption ina society that this dominance in natural anddesirable. The characteristics of political

ideology may be summaried by noting thefollowing aspects, that are!

#oherent set of views on politics$issemination among the mass population%ub&ect of alterationPowerful motivators of human behavior'anipulated by political movement leaderstc.

ctually are well *nown ne+t variants ofpolitical orientation as an integrating set ofattitudes and beliefs.

eneral division of them is!

-. #onservative resistance to change/. 0iberal tolerant to change, not bound

by authoritarianism, orthodo+y ortradition.

MODERN POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

1%O02T3%'4TOT03T5303%'" the principleof complete and unrestricted power ofgovernment.

031503%' is a political ideology thatfavors reforms and the distraction of theold order.

'53TO#5#6 represents a belief thatleaders4rulers should be chosen for theirsuperior abilities and not because of their

wealth or births.0315T5373%' it is an ideological belief in

freedom of through and speech .'O75#83%' is an belief in a advocacy of

monarchy as a political system.753T2$ is an ideological position that

holds blac* culture to be independent andvalid on its own terms. 3t is an a9rmationof the frican cultural heritage.

P5O5%3:3%' it is a political belief ofthose who favor progress toward betterconditions in government and the society.

5$3#03%' the political belief of those whofavor revolutionary change in governmentand the society.

5#T3O73%' the political belief of those

who ght against changes in society.0. 5P2103#T73%' the political belief ofthose who holds that a republic is the bestform of government.(e+. 5epublic of'oldova).

1. 538T3%' in an ideology of the politicalrights.

2. %O#303%' the political theory advocatingstate ownership of social order andrelationships.

3.  T8O#5#6 it is the belief in governmentby divine guidance (e+. :atican).

4. 2TOP373%' the political belief inimpossible idealistic schemes of socialperfection.

15. $O:3%87%% any political belief favoringcompromise to avoid con;icts.

16. 3'P5303%' it advocates imperialinterests.

17. 75#83%' favor the abolition (don<trecognie) of governments.

18. 2TO#5#6 favoring unlimited authorityby a single individual

19. #7T53%' avoiding the e+tremes of leftand right by ta*ing a moderate position.

20. #O00#T3:3%' promotes that peopleshould own the means of production.

21. #O''273%' " favoring collectivism in aclassless society.

22. #O7%5:T3%' theological believeadvocating preservation of the post insociety and apposing radical changing.

23. %5T373%' a political believefavoring political or racial segregation.

24. #O7%T3T2T3O503%' " is advocacy of asystem of government according toconstitutional principles.

25. $'O#5#6 is a political believe of thosewho favor government by people or bytheir elected representatives.

26. %O#30 $'O#5#6 is gradual transitionfrom capitalism to socialism by democraticmethods or means.

27. 03T3%' the society must be governmentby an elite group of individuals.

28. =T5'3%' political act for outside theperceived political center of a society orotherwise claimed to violate commonmoral standarts.

29. >%#3%' political theoru advocating anauthorian hierarchical govern.

30. >$503%' an ideology about a federalorgan of more or less self governmentunits.

31. 8?@3%87%%" aggressive method ofpolitics.

POLITICAL OPPOSITION

Political opposition as usually representsthe ma&or political party opposed to the partyin o9ce and prepare to replace it in case ofelections.

s usually the political opposition in *nown!

a. 5ecognied political party, that ispresent in parliament

b. 2nrecognied in one party statec. ctions by one political group

against political group by usinggovernmental power popular actionsof protest.

d. more general case ofdisagreement in politics

One of the main instruments for oppositionactivity e9ciency represents high level ofmass media development.

'%%"'$3" means communication toolsthat reach and in;uence large members ofpeople, especially news papers, magasins,radio, T: and 3nternet. They are the voice anweapon of the people and society as whole.

3n modern society media tools play aparticular role. scope of technologicalmedia relay, telegraph, public transport,mass transport, telephone, radio, cars technomedia is e+pend the ;e+ibility of socialrelations increasing. That<s why mass"media

is considering as well as the Ath branch of government.

 The borders between media, politics andeconomics are increasingly diusing today

LEVELS OF COMUNICATION

-. >ace to face/. 2sing mass"media "

a. printed typeb. electronic type

MEDIA AND GOVERNMENT

'ass"media denitely acts as a lin* betwegovernment and the people. Thought masmedia the government can inform, e+plainand convince the public over their program

ROLES OF MASS-MEDIA

-. this may have political function inpresenting one point of view.

/. 7T5T3'7T 5PO5T37 O> T8 7?%a. 3nformingb. nalying and interpretingc. 3n;uencing ( that means trying to get pub

opinion to view the story in certain way).B. 3$7T3>637 P5O10'% " agenda setting

this is the most important role for politicsand government, because the selectedo9cials can<t ignore the agenda set by thmedia.

A. PO03T3#0 %O#303DT3O7 mass"media isstrong socialiing agent, both news andentertainment.

E. P5O:3$37 PO03T3#0 >O5' people andgovernment must use the media on theiradvantage if they want to get coverage twill help them succeed.

F. '@37 P5O>3T%.

7oam #homs*y GHto ta*e a apart thesystem of illusions and deception whichfunctions to prevent understanding of

contemporary reality is not a tas* thatreIuires e+traordinary s*ill. 3t reIuires the*ind of normal s*epticism and willingness apply once analytical s*ills that almost allpeople have and they can e+ercise. G

POLITICAL ACTION

3nvestigations show that politics is not thelearned of day to day life and many peoplmisreport whether or not they vote. Oftensay*ng they have, but they have not wor*facility, church and other voluntary activitcome rst.

-. POP0 ?83#8 %' TO 1 O> #O'P0T

inactive they rarely vote or ta*e part ofpolitics.

/. PO03T3#0 #T3:3%T% as usually are highlyeducated are relatively rich and tendparticipate in all forms of government.

B. :OT37 %P#303%T% this group of voters va lot but do little else and as usually areolder poorer less educated.

POLITICAL SYSTEM. ASICGOVERNMENT STRUCTURES.

Political system is a system involvinggovernment and it<s politics which includthe members who are in power within thecountry.

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+ists two types! unitary and federal.

3n general e+ists two levels of politicalsystem!

" 7ational powers(superior level) defends, foreign, relations andpromotion of general welfare.

" 3nferior level(second level) regionalpower, including services public safetyhealth<s and words.

ENVIRONMENT IN SOCIETY.

3nput "J "J P.%."J"Joutput

KLLinter independenceLLK

Political system in this case if it is setinstitutions and agencies that implementgoals of the society.

37P2T"domestic economy(society<se+pectations)

O2TP2T"culture of society(political decisions)

37T5 37$P7$7#"social economicchanges transforms the political demands inthe electorate.

T!E STRUCTURE OF SYSTEM

PO03T3#0 %6%T'

Political partiesParliaments#arts1eurocracy

>27#T3O7%!

3nterest articulation3nterest agrigationPolicy ma*ingPolicy implementationPolicy ad&unctionPolitical socialiation " structures whooccupied with socialiationsC families,schools, media, churches, and politicalparties

5ecruitment selection of people for politicalactivity and government o9ce.

Political communication5egulation of behavior+traction of recourses and ta+es$istribution of benets and services todierent groups of population

EVALUATION OF POLITICAL SYSTEM

• $ierences between eorts and

actual outeame• ectiveness of policies,

government, e9ciency, corruptionand changes in conditions of internaland e+ternal investments.

• Performers of outputs (of politicaldecisions and results)

PO03T3#0 P5O#%%

Political process is used to study socialmovements and is based on arguments.

 That the success of social movementsdepends not only on the movement

recourses, but on the state and how it<ssupported by population. >rom thisperspective it<s important to understandthe comple+ interaction between themovement and large social environmentat certain time.

>unctions of political processes are!

'anaging of public opinion

#ompetition of governmental actors

1ureaucracy inertion

#onstitutional constraints4limits

=. Political revolution is most lively tosuccesses if the state is vulnerable or luc*ingsocial legitimacy.

3n political theory there are two *inds ofpolitical processes in a state!

-. %eparation of function presidentialvariety

/. >ussion of function " parliamentaryvariety

PRESIDENTIAL VARIETY.

#haracteristics!

" %eparate election of the president" overnment is controlled by the president" President is real chief of the state

dvantages!

" President has popular mandate" $ecisive leadership of the president" 2nited leadership of central government

$isadvantages!

" overnment e+pansion" 1ureaucratic growth" bsence of high level informational e+pertise

PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM.

#haracteristics!

" lection of the president by legislation" #ollective leadership" #entral government is controlled by

the parliament

dvantages!

" uaranteed ma&ority in the parliament" %hadow cabinet formed by political

opposition" 1revity of electoral campaigns

$isadvantages!

" 3ndeterminate term of o9ce both ofthe president and the parliament.

5oles of parliament!

•0aw ma*ing

•5epresentation

•#onstituency service

•+ecutive oversight

5oles of e+ecutive power!

•$omestic and foreign policy of initiates ane+ecuter

•rmed forces chief

•#eremonial role

SOCIAL POLICY. "ELFARE AND SOCIE

%ocial policy is dened as usually as thestudy of social services and welfare state.

%ocial policy loo*s at the idea of socialwelfare and it<s relationship to politics andthe society. 3t also consider detail issues o

policy and administration, income,maintenance and policies for health

%ocial policy draws on sociology to e+plainthe social conte+t of welfare position.

3f we are trying to improve people<s welfaris helpful to try to understand somethingabout them that people are, and how welfpolicies relate to their situation.

 The social structure within a state is usualpresented in the ne+t way!

" 7ation" ?or*

" >amily

%ocial policy can be seen as collectiveresponses to social problems and showed apart of e+isted political preferences.

 The main directions of the internal socialpolicies within a state are!

" conomic" %ocial insurance" #ultural heritage" 7ational ethic relations" cological situation" nd others.

 The economic policies includes!

" 3ndustrial policy" grarian policy" 3nvestments" >inancial

%ocial insurance means rst of all!

-. 8ealth and safety at wor*/. 0abor lawB. %ocial dialogA. mployment policyE. %ocial inclusionF. %ocial protectionM. ntidiscriminationN. 8elp to people with disabilities. Iual opportunities

POLITICAL ELITE AND POLITICALLEADERS!IP

 The term elite actually cover a distinctgroup of people consisting of prominentsocial and political individuals, which bytheir ability to stay above of othermembers of society.

>or the rst time about elite was writtenthe boo* T8 P537# O> 7('achiavelli) This theory was developed and promote

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by 3talian scientists .'achiavelli, ?.Paretto and 5. 'ichels.

Other theorists who analied the elitephenomenon was erman Philosopher @.'ar*s. The proposed that the dominanteconomic class because in the same timedominant political force.

Political term 03T3%' is used to describepolitical class and e+plain appearance ofpolitical elite by the necessity to begoverned by a small group of individualshigher gifted with e+ceptional Iuality and

outstanding s*ills.

s usually political elite is used togetherwith the term political class. PO03T3#0#0%% means all individual political agentsleaders and legislative bodies and who areaspiring to reach his power to ma*edecisions or in;uence decisions.

Political elite indicates all those ho have arare political resources in a abundantvolume! money, power, in;uence, prestige,culture, s*ills, and creative ability.

 T6PO0O6 O> 03T!

• T#$%&'&()$* +*&'+, have authorityand in;uence as a result of ideas,beliefs whose sources are in thepast and is strengthened by

tradition(elite aristocratic,religions).

• E()(& +*&'+, has authority ain;uence over the other elitebecause they have income andother assets (big industrialists,ban*ers, landowners).

• T+/)(#$'& +*&'+, haveauthority and power as they wereappointed a elected because of power (upper range of thedirectors of industrialcorporations, nancial and senioro9cials occupying positions of command in bureaucratichierarchies).

• C/$#&,$'& +*&'+, possesse+traordinary Iualities ande+ceptional ability of masspersuasion and manipulation.

• I%+(*(&$* +*&'+, are persons

or groups involves dene andspread the political ideas.

• S(*& +*&'+,  are individualsand groups who are role modelsbecause they possess sameIualities of intellectual, artistic,sports and so on, which attractedpolitical sphere. #an in;uencepolitical attitudes and behavior of other individuals.

 #3:30 %O#3T6

t present civil society is widrecognied as a *ey factor in glpolitic as and a *ey factor democratiation in both! domepolitics and the still developing pucommunity.

3n most cases global civil societidentied as a totality of groups networ*s involved in struggles, global &ustice, sustainability, gender empowerment , respect human rights and so on. 3n shortlysame *ind of movements view in

society treats it as the space thIuestions of public interests discussed by individuals or grorganied on voluntary bases.