cooley, mead, freud, erikson and levinson behind the theories on development
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Cooley, Mead, Freud, Erikson and Levinson
Behind the Theories on Development
Charles Cooley (1864-1929)
Cooley
He said that the self develops through process of social
interaction
Cooley Influenced by family primarily, then later peer-
groups.
Cooley
Used the analogy of a Looking-Glass (mirror) to describe the 3 stage process of self
Cooley
1. We imagine how our actions appear to others
2. We imagine how others judge our actions
3. We make some sort of self-judgment based on 1& 2
George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)
Mead
He traced people’s awareness of self to primary caregiver
Mead
He said the self is composed of 2 parts-“I” and “Me”
Mead
The “I” portion wishes to have self expression, to be active and spontaneous
I like Mead! Very
Much!!!
Mead
• The “Me” portion is made up of the things learned through the socialization process. The “Me” makes normal social interaction possible
Mead
He said the self develops in 3 stages
Mead
• Preparatory stage-child imitates others
Mead
• Play stage-child has acquired language and not only imitates, but form role expectations: playing house, cops and robbers.
Mead
oGame stage-child learns there are rules that specify the correct and proper relationship among the players.
o We learn the expectations of various positions which we interact as well as the expectations of the general audience
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Freud
• He said the self has 3 separately functioning parts, in which the individual is constantly at struggle.
Freud
Id-the drives and instincts that every human inherits, mostly remain unconscious
Freud
•Superego-society’s norms and expectations, primarily learned from parents
Freud
• Ego-mediates the eternal conflict of the id and superego, also finds socially acceptable ways to express id’s drives.
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
Erikson
Human development is
accomplished in 8 stages
Erikson1. Trust vs. Mistrust (up to 1 year) 2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1-4) 3. Initiative vs. guilt (4-5) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) 5. Identity vs. role confusion
(adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (30’s to
50’s) 8. Integrity vs. Despair (old age)
Daniel Levinson (1920-1994)
No Pictures!!
!!
Levinson
• He focused on adult development-said there were 6 stages
Levinson
Early adult period 18-22 Leave adolescence, make preliminary choices for
life Leave the family of origin
Levinson
Getting into adult world 22-28- “form a dream” Make initial choices in love, occupation, friendship,
love and values
Levinson
• Age 30 transitional period-seeks to correct flaws
• Changes in life occur
However, I have no flaws!
Levinson
•Settling down-has reworked flaws
and seeks order and stability
Levinson
Age 40 transitional period-mid-life crisis
Levinson
• Beginning of middle adulthood-mid 40’s
• Reflect on life’s accomplishments
Pavlovian Theory
That’s All Folks!!
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