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Control of Rhynchophorus ferrugineusin Italyin Italy

Sandro Nardi-Raffaele Griffo-Maurizio De Santis-Bruno Faraglia

Emergency measures

Ministry of AgricultureDecree

DM of 9 november 2007

Commissiondecision

2007/365/CE and 2008/776/CE

Different Acts at regional level

RPW REGULATIONS

Council directive 2000/29/CE

Cutting and destroying measures

CONTROL MEASURES

Sanitation of infestedpalms

Other subsidiarymeasures

Pruning of esternal leaves

CUTTING AND DESTROYING MEASURES

Cover of the soil under the plant with a strong 

canavas

Cover of the upper part of the palmstipe with a strong net or canavas

CUTTING AND DESTROYING MEASURES

Cutting of the stipe (on the right) or of the infested part of the stipe (on the left)

CUTTING AND DESTROYING MEASURES

•Grinding or chipping in to small pieces associatedwith low temperature

•Grinding or chipping in to small pieces associatedwith chemical o biological treatments

Transport to a station of grinding or chipping

CUTTING AND DESTROYING MEASURES

SANITATION MEASURES

Example of integratedapproach Regionaldecree n. 357/2009

Marche Region

Integrated approach

Sanitation of infestedpalms

Spherical pruning dendrochirurgy

1° Treatment

2°- 3°- 4°Treatments

Plants submitted to sanitation shall be periodically inspected

•Showers (Different groups)

•Endotherapy (Bari, Campania and others)

•Dendrochirurgy (Palermo)

•Nematodes (Marche, Campania and others)

•Mass trapping (Marsala and Grottammare)

•Entomopath. Fungi (Dipropalm)

•MicroWaves (Campania and Lazio)

EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

MEANS AND METHODS OF CONTROL

• Preventive trials

• Curative trials

EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

Preventive methods of control

Periodic sprays with chemical compounds ‐Trials to evaluate the efficacy of two different products containingentomopathogenic nemathodes,  species Steinernema carpocapsae,applied on  adult non  infested Phoenix  canariensis to preservethemselves from R. ferrugineus attacks

Endotherapy

Showers

Mass trapping

Mass trapping

Preventive methods of control

Mass trapping – two years experience

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Mass trapping

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Posizione (n° trappola)

Preventive methods of control

n. ofcau

ght‐

adults/trap

n. trap and position

Experimental trialsENDOTHERAPY – Assessing translocation

and persistence ability

n. 2 replications

Winter - Spring

SFR Campania – UNINA – Parco Regionale dei Campi Flegrei –

Intrachem Italia - Syngenta - Isagro Italia

Soil application

Endotherapic Trial description

Dose of product Dose of a.iAbamectina 100 ml/pianta 1,90% 1,9 ml/piantAzadiractina A 120 ml/pianta 5% 6,0 ml/piantClotianidin 15 gr/pianta 50% 7,5 gr/piant

Soil treatmentAzadiractina A 400 ml/pianta 5% 20 ml/piantaClotianidin 30 gr/pianta 50% 15 gr/pianta

Active ingredient %Endotherapy

101 Abamectin 0,03 0,016 0,013 0,011 0,015 0,012 0,016201 Abamectin 0,024 0,021 0,023 0,03 0,015 0,014 0,018103 Clotianidin 0,92 0,84 0,84 0,8 0,6 0,56 0,32203 Clotianidin 0,8 0,84 0,84 0,8 0,64 0,56 0,44102 Azadiractin 1,28 0,68 0,16 1,28 0,64 0,28 0,12202 Azadiractin 0,88 1,24 0,44 2,56 1,88 0,56 0,28

day 14 day 24 day 35Plant A.I. day 1 day 10day 3 day 8

Endotherapy

Assessing translocation and persistence ability ofproducts (values in mg/Kg)

Treatment 20th december 2008

0,8

0,62

0,38

0,96

0,3

1,26

0,42

0,20,0170,0130,0150,02050,0180,01850,027

0,56

0,840,840,86

1,08

1,92

a gg 1 a gg 3 a gg 8 a gg 10 a gg 14 a gg 24 a gg 35

Abamectina

Clothianidin

Azadiractina

/kg

105 Clotianidin 0,16 0,064 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01205 Clotianidin 0,08 0,012 < 0,01 <0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01104 Azadiractin < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01204 Azadiractin < 0,01 < 0,02 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01

Plant A.I. day 1 day 3 day 24day 8 day 10 day 14 day 35

Application to the soil

Assessing the translocation and persistenceability of products (values in mg/Kg)

Treatment 18 december 2008

EndotherapyEndotherapy ‐‐ Treatment  6 Treatment  6 maymay 20082008

values in mg/KgSampling date

08/05/09 11/05/09 15/05/09 18/05/09 21/05/09 01/06/09 11/06/09

n.pianta P.A. Values obtained mg/kg

101 Abamectina 0,01 0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01

201 Abamectina 0,01 0,01 0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01

102 Azadiractina 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,01 0,01 <0,01 <0,01

202 Azadiractina 0,02 0,04 0,01 0,02 0,04 0,01 0,01

103 Clothianidin 0,03 0,03 0,018 0,015 0,01 0,01 0,01

203 Clothianidin 0,04 0,03 0,026 0,2 0,2 0,01 0,01

EndotherapyEndotherapy ‐‐ Treatment  1 JULY 2009Treatment  1 JULY 2009

02/07/2009 07/07/2009 11/05/2009( on the sawdust)

n.pianta P.A.

101 Abamectina 0,01 <0,01 <0,01

201 Abamectina <0,01 <0,01 <0,01

102 Azadiractina 0,01 0,02 0,04

202 Azadiractina 0,02 0,02 0,06

103 Clothianidin 0.02 0,06 0,1

203 Clothianidin 0,03 0,05 0,18

on the sawdustvalues in mg/Kg

Mortality in laboratoryMicrogrammi su larve Abamectina

Clothianidin

Mortality in laboratory

Thiamethoxam

Mortality in laboratory

Curative trials

Endotherapy

Showers

Microwaves

Dendrochirurgy

(Chemical compounds, entomopathogenic nemathodsentomopathogenic fungi)

Microwavetreatments

Red Palm Weevil (after 10 minutes of microwave heating)

Optical image Thermal image

No vital sign visible

Preliminary result

Microwave

First application experiencesMicrowave treatments

Efficacy

Damages

ECOPALM –Machine with a CIRCULAR BAND, endowed with electricgenerators of MICROWAVES whichradiate high-frequencyenergy towards the centre of the palm tree

Microwave treatments

Efficacy trials

PlantPlant height

Capitulum width Plant sex

Level of attack

Position of attack

Environmental

temperature

Time of application/mi

nT° outside the palm

Felling afirst che

17A 5 70 female medium apicale 8 °C 90 65 - 70°C after 2417B 2 50 male medium basal 8 °C 90 65 - 70°C immed17C 10 80 male very high apicale 12 °C 80 60 - 68 °C after 24

Damage trail

17D 10 80 femaleno

symptoms

12 °C 45 56 - 58 °C periodicchecks

17E 10 80 female low apical 12 °C 45 57 - 58 °C periodicchecks

Microwave

Preliminary data

Total alive dead Total alive dead Total alive deaFirst survey

larvae 50 0 50 50 22 28 133 85 48pupae 0 0 0 3 0 3 12 2 10adults 35 0 35 16 2 14 22 21 1

Grand total 85 69 167

Second survey (48 hours)larvae 0 50 9 41 55 78pupae 0 0 0 3 2 10adults 0 35 2 14 21 1

Third survey (96 hours)larvae 0 50 8 42 52 81pupae 0 0 0 3 2 10adults 0 35 1 15 21 1

Total alive/dead 0 85 9 60 75 92% death rate 100% 87% 55%

17A 17/C17/B

(*) for 17/B first survey soon after treatment

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vivi morti vivi morti vivi morti

17 A 17B 17C

larve pupe adulti

Final data alive / dead

17 D

Damage trail

small externalburns tissue

Microwave

INTEGRATED APPROACH

Curative trials

APPROCCIO INTEGRATO

STEP 1

Spherical pruning/dendrochirurgySTEP 2

Knock down treatmentSTEP 3

Enhancement and maintenance treatments

System that combine different means of control useful to reach the sanitation of the infested plant

Spherical pruning/Dendrochirurgy

STEP 1

INTEGRATED APPROACH

STEP 1

INTEGRATED APPROACH

Spherical pruning/Dendrochirurgy

Spherical pruning/Dendrochirurgy

STEP 1

INTEGRATED APPROACH

Washing and knock down treatment

• It is necessary to wash the top of the sipe with about50 lts. of water sprayed with 3‐5 bar of pressure

•Treatment spraying a chemical insecticide and/or entomopathogenic nematodes (10‐20 lts.)

STEP 2

INTEGRATED APPROACH

Applied STEP 1 and 2, Three more treatments shall be carried on tocomplete sanitation activity and avoid reifestation of susceptible plants:

• 1° treatment 30 days later STEP I and II

• 2° treatment 60 days later STEP I and II

• 3° treatment 180 days later STEP I and II

In  the experimental trials to evaluate the efficacy of STEP  I and  II,  treated plants havebeeen dissected and  checked 20  days later STEP  Iand II  to verify alive and  dead individuals of R. ferrugineus.

STEP 3

INTEGRATED APPROACH

Enhancement and maintenance treatments

INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

• 20083 THESIS (2 chemical compounds, 1 EPNs)

• 20093 THESIS  (2 EPNs, 1 chemical compounds)

Trial design: n°9 adults P. canariensis ‐ age > 10 years planted in the ground ‐ 3 plants/treatment

Trial site: Grottammare ‐ San Benedetto del Tronto

Date of applications:     July ‐ October 2008 

Date of the checks: dissection 20 days after the treatment applications

Infestation level:    100 % infested plants

2008

INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

42221Clorpyrifos + Azadiractina

96347Clorpyrifos + Deltametrina

20504EPNs

Individuals eliminatedby pruning (%)N. Individuals / plantTREATMENTS

Spherical pruning/dendrochirurgy efficiency

2008

INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

33,366,7129Clorpyrifos + Azadiractina

100013Clorpyrifos + Deltametrina

56,443,6404EPNs

Dead %Alive %N° individuals per treatment (meanvalues/plant)

TREATMENT

Knock down treatment application efficiency

2008

INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

36,7 ‐ 7554,7Clorpyrifos + Azadiractina

100 ‐ 100100Clorpyrifos + Deltametrina

61,1 ‐ 10065EPNs

Min – Max   %

Integrated approach efficiency% (mean value)

(spherical pruning + knock down treatment application)

TREATMENT

Global integrated approach efficiency

2008

INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

Trial design : n° 9 P. canariensis ‐ age > 10 yearsplanted in the ground ‐ 3 plants/treatment

Trial Site: Grottammare ‐ San Benedetto del Tronto

Date of applications:  July – September 2009 

Method and checks: 2 applications (1° at pruning time, 2° after twenty days)Dissection twenty days after the 2°application

Infestation level: 100 % infested plants

2009

INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

29/09/0957,8907EPNs

16/09/0945,5685EPNs + Chitosano

02/09/0955218Chemicalinsecticide

Date of pruningIndividuals

eliminated bypruning (%)

N. Individuals / plantTREATMENT

2009

INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

Spherical pruning/dendrochirurgy efficiency

40,659,4382,7EPNs

46,653,4373,7EPNs + Chitosano

75,224,898Chemicalinsecticide

Dead %Alive %

N° individualsper treatment 

(meanvalues/plant)

TREATMENT

2009

Knock down treatment applications efficiency

INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

60 %6 - 2011,7Chemicalnsecticide

76 %105 - 161132,3

EPNs(Steinernemacarpocapsae)

63,4 %210 - 350260,7

EPNs(Steinernemacarpocapsae)+ CHITOSAN

Death rate %

min./maxCocoons/plant

Treatment

82,461 - 6764,3

21,2148 - 343248

6,238 - 212102,3

Death rate %

min./maxLarvae/plant

62 %7 - 4022

85,8 %2 - 32,3

23,3 %6 - 1210

Death rate %min./maxAdults/plant

2009

COCOONS LARVAE ADULTS

INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

Knock down treatment applications efficiency

70,6 – 79,2 %74,9EPNs

58,8 – 81,3 %70,8EPNs + Chitosano

86 – 92,6 %88,7Chemicalinsecticide

Min – Max %

Integrated approach efficiency% (mean value)

(spherical pruning + knock down treatment application)

TREATMENT

2009

INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

Global integrated approach efficiency

Comparison between EPNs and Chemical insecticide

EPNs ∙ safe for people and environment

∙ performance useful in the temperature range 12 ‐ 33  °C

∙more effective to control individuals in the cocoons

∙ Actually not allowed in public green areas

∙ Only few products allowed for ornamental plants are available (PPO)

∙ performance not limited by temperature

∙more effective to control larvae and adults out of the cocoons

Prodotti chimici

Areas where the pest occurs since more than three years (settlement)

containment

RPW SITUATION IN ITALY

Demarcated areas eradication

Free pest areas no occurrence

Free pestareas

Survey

Preventive measures

Awarness and Advisoring

ACTION PLANE

Aim: no findings and maintaining status

Demarcatedareas

Survey

Preventive measures

Awarness and Advisoring

Curative measures

ACTION PLANE

Aim: no spreading and eradication

Settlementareas

Survey

Preventive measures

Awarness and Advisoring

Curative measures

ACTION PLANE

Aim: no spreading and containment of pest population

Inspections and preventive measures in the nurseries

Survey and checks strongerin the buffer zone

Immediate control measurein presence of findings

ACTION PLANE IN THE DEMARCATED AREAS

Inspections and preventive measures in the nurseries

Stronger survey and checksin the buffer zone

Immediate control measurein presence of findings in the buffer zone

ACTION PLANE IN THE SETTLEMENT AREAS

RPW AND PALM PRODUCTION IN ITALY

Free places of production located in demarcated areas and/or settlement

areas

Nurseries located in Free pest areas

Free sites of production located in demarcated areas and/or settlement

areas

Thank you for your attention