contaminated and slippery runways - smartcockpit · contaminated and slippery runways cont rwy.8...
Post on 16-Jun-2018
229 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.2
Contaminated and Slippery Runways
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.3
Agenda:
• Basic Regulations and Definitions
• Physics of Contaminated Runways
• Operational Practice
• Operational Data/Applications
• Other Considerations
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.4
Contaminated runway
– More than 25% of the runway is covered by slush, standing water, snow covered, Ice covered or compacted snow
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.5
Regulatory Requirements• FAA Operators
HistoricallyNo definitive regulatory requirements for contaminated or slippery runway performance adjustments in Part 25 or 121
Current (737-6/7/8/900) -Wet runway is part of AFM certification basis
No definitive regulatory requirements for contaminated or slippery (non-wet)
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.6
Regulatory Requirements
• FAA Guidelines:– Current approved guidelines published in
Advisory Circular 91-6A, May 24, 1978– Provides guidelines for operation with standing
water, slush, snow or ice on runway– Does not provide for wet runways– Proposed Advisory Circular 91-6B (draft)
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.7
Regulatory Requirements
• JAA Operators - New certifications– Specific requirements covered in the AFM– Includes performance based on various runway
conditions (wet, compact snow, wet ice, slush, dry snow)
• JAROPS 1– Requires operational contaminated/slippery
runway data based on possibility of an engine failure
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.8
Proposed Advisory Circular 91-6B:• Guidelines for takeoff and landing with water,
slush, snow or ice on runway– Defines contaminated runway – Defines braking coefficient used for
accelerate-stop distance calculation– Includes wet runway
– Reverse thrust credit for accelerate-stop
• Did not specifically address, but were adopted in the advisory data of the time
– 15-foot screen height for accelerate-go
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.9
JAR-OPS 1 / AMJ15X1591:• Guidelines for takeoff and landing with water,
slush, snow or ice on runway– Defines contaminated runway – Defines braking coefficient and contaminant
drag to be used in calculations– Includes wet runway
– 15-foot screen height for accelerate-go
– Reverse thrust credit for accelerate-stop
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.10
Dry, Damp, and Wet Runways are NOT Contaminated
• Dry: Neither wet or contaminated (JAR-OPS 1.480)
– FAA - No definitive definition
• Damp: Surface is not dry, but moisture on the surface does not give a shiny appearance (JAR-OPS 1.480)
• Wet: - FAA - neither dry nor contaminated (Draft AC 91-6B)
- Shiny in appearance, depth less than 3 mm of water (JAR-OPS 1.480)
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.11
Runways are CONTAMINATED When:*
• More than 25% of the surface to be used is covered by standing water or slush more than 1/8 inch (3 mm) deep
OROR
*As defined by FAA Advisory Circular 91-6B
• Has an accumulation of snow or ice
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.12
Additional considerations:
• If the contaminants are lying on that portion of the runway where the high speed part of the takeoff roll will occur, it may be appropriate to consider the runway contaminated.
(Draft AC 91-6B)
• Do NOT takeoff when the depth of standing water or slush is more than:
1/2 inch (13 mm) deep
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.13
Boeing Contaminated RunwayTakeoff Performance
• Slush / Standing Water Data– Acceleration/deceleration capability
• Slippery runway–Deceleration capability
Ice covered, compacted snow, or wet
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.14
Agenda:
• Basic Regulations and Definitions
• Physics of Contaminated Runways
• Operational Practice
• Operational Data/Applications
• Other Considerations
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.15
Takeoff Distance Is Proportional to
• Large Acceleration (a) Short Takeoff Distance
• Small Acceleration (a) Long Takeoff Distance
1a
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.16
Dry Runway Acceleration
Friction Drag Thrust
gWa = Thrust - Drag - Friction[ ]
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.17
Acceleration with Slush/Standing Water
gWa = Thrust - Drag - Friction - Slush DragSlush Drag
Slush DragSlush Drag
[ ]
Friction Drag Thrust
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.18
FSlush = 1/2 ρ Vg CD Slush ATire
ρ = Slush Density, 1.65 slugs/ft3 Equal to Specific Gravity of 0.85
Vg = Ground Speed - Feet per SecondCD Slush = Slush Drag Coefficient for airplane's
specific gear arrangementATire = Reference Area for Slush Force Calculation
Data Sources: FAA/NACA Convair 880 Tests 1962NASA Langley Load Track Tests - 1960,1962
2
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.19
CD Slush Accounts for Displacement and Impingement
Displacement Drag
FWD
Impingement DragFWD
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.20
Tire Reference Area for Slush Calculation
ATire = (Σ bmain + Σ bnose) x Slush Depth
bAverage tire width
Slush depth
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.21
Ground speed
Slush force
Slush Force
VHP
HydroplaningHydroplaning
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.22
Hydroplaning
Tire Pressure in psi evaluated for Main Gear
VHP = 8.63 Tire PressureSpecific Gravity
= 8.63 Tire Pressure
80’s, 90’s method
Current method
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.23
Slush Force Including Hydroplaning
fHP = 1.6VHP-Vg
.6VHP[ ]
2.5VgVHP
- 1.5(This factor is applied at speeds above the hydroplaning speed.
)
VHPGround speed
Slush force
Fs = (1/2 ρ CDSlushVg
2 ATire ) x fHP
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.24
ASlush Force From Rotation to Liftoff
Fs = (1/2 ρ CDSlushVg
2Tire ) x fHP x fR x fLOF
VHP
Ground speed
Slush force
VR VLOF
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.25
Force Variation With Speed
VHP
Ground speed
Airplane acceleration forces
VR VLOF
All engine thrust
Engine out thrust
Total Acceleration Force = Thrust - (Slush force + Aero drag + Friction)
Rolling Friction
Aero Drag
Slush Drag
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.26
All Engine Acceleration Capability130 Knots
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
All engine acceleration Kt/sec
Dry6 mm
13 mm
747 767 757 737
Dry6 mm
13 mm
Dry6 mm
13 mm
Dry
6 mm
13 mm
6 mm of slush - 10-20 % reduction in all engine acceleration13 mm of slush - 20-40 % reduction in all engine acceleration
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.27
Engine Out Acceleration Capability130 Knots
7470.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
6 mm of slush - 15-50 % reduction in engine out acceleration13 mm of slush - 30-110 % reduction in engine out acceleration
6 mm
1/4"1/4"
1/2"
13 mm
1/2"
Dry all engine
-0.5
Engine outDry
767 757 737
6 mm13 mm
Engine out
Dry
6 mm13 mm
Engine out
Dry
6 mm13 mm
Engine out
Dry
Dry all engine
Dry all engine Dry all
engine
Acceleration Kt/sec
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.28
Effect of Slush On Airplane Stopping• Tire to ground friction reduced due to slush• Retarding slush drag acts to slow the airplane
Dry runwayAverage brake force
0.9VhpGround speed, knots
Retarding force
Vhp
Slush drag
Total Slush stopping force = Slush Drag + Wheel braking
Slush wheel braking
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.29
One Engine Inoperative Deceleration Capability
130 Knots
Deceleration Kt/sec
Dry
6 mm
1/2"
13 mm
Dry
6 mm13 mm
Dry
6 mm13 mm
Dry
6 mm13 mm
8.06.04.02.00.0
747 767 757 737
• Dry - AFM performance - includes maximum braking, spoilers, idle thrust• Slush - includes wheel braking, spoilers, reverse thrust, and slush dragreverse thrust, and slush drag
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.30
Effect of Slush - All Engine767-300 - 182,800 kg, V1 = 163 IAS
AccelerateGo
35 Feet
V=0
Runway available
V1=163 IAS
Stop
Effect of using dry runway performance on slush covered runwayEffect of using dry runway performance on slush covered runway
Baseline - AFM balance field length - 9520 Feet
All engine performance- 6 mm slush
Margin 15%
All engine performance- 13 mm slushMargin 5%
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.31
Effect of Slush - Engine Out767-300 - 182,800 kg, V1 = 163 IAS
V= 138 knotsV= 138 knots
Go
StopAccelerate
V=0
Runway available - 9520 feet
V1= 163 IAS 14 Feet14 Feet
•• Effect of using dry runway performance on slush covered runwayEffect of using dry runway performance on slush covered runway
• Engine out performance - 6 mm slush
• Engine out performance - 13 mm slush
Accelerate
V=0V= 142 knotsV= 142 knots
LiftoffLiftoff Go
Stop
V1= 163 IAS
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.32
Agenda:
• Basic Regulations and Definitions
• Physics of Contaminated Runways
• Operational Practice
• Operational Data/Applications
• Other Considerations
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.33
Boeing Contaminated Runway Data Adjustments - Choices
• All engines operating– Weight reduction–– NoNo V1 adjustment provided– Preserves 15% margin
Data presented in airplane Operations Manual, FPPM, and PEM
•Engine failure is considered - JAROPS 1–Weight reduction and V1 adjustment provided–Credit for reverse thrust–15 foot screen height
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.34
FAR Dry Field LengthTypical Twin Engine Airplane
Accelerate - Stop
Accelerate - Go
1.15 All Eng Distance
Minimum Runway Required - FAR Dry
1
Distance
Weight AltitudeTemperatureFlap
V V1 balanced
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.35
Contaminated Runway CaseAll Engine Data
Accelerate - Stop
Accelerate - Go
1.15 All Eng Distance
Minimum Runway Required - FAR Dry
1
Weight AltitudeTemperatureFlap
V 1 balancedV
Distance
1.15 All Eng Distance(Slush)
All Engine Slush Runway RequiredAll Engine Slush Runway Required
{IncreaseDistance
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.36
Constant Field Length Weight ReductionAll Engine Data
Note: Stop has not been considered nor has continued takeoff following engine failure
AltitudeTemperatureFlap
Field length
FAR Dry Field Length
Brake release gross weight
Slush All Engine Field Length
IncreaseDistance{
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.37
Constant Field Length Weight ReductionAll Engine Data
Note: Stop has not been considered nor has continued takeoff following engine failure
AltitudeTemperatureFlap
Field length
FAR Dry Field Length
Brake release gross weight
Slush All Engine Field Length
Constant Field Length
Slush All EngineWeight Reduction
∆Wt (slush)
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.38
Sample Ops Manual Slush/Standing Water PageAll Engine Data - 737-500 / 20K Rating
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
WEIGHT REDUCTIONS - 1000 kg
Dry Field/Obstacle
LimitWeight1000 kg
0.25 in (6 mm) Slush/StandingWater Depth
Airport Pressure AltitudeS. L. 4000 ft 8000 ft
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.2 0.6
0.3 0.5 1.1
0.5 0.8 1.7
0.6 1.1 2.1
0.7 1.3 2.3
0.8 1.4 2.2
0.50 in (13 mm) Slush/StandingWater Depth
Airport Pressure AltitudeS. L. 4000 ft 8000 ft
0.3 0.5 1.0
0.8 1.2 2.1
1.4 1.9 3.1
2.0 2.7 4.2
2.5 3.4 5.1
3.2 4.3 6.2
4.1 5.2 7.2
4.9 6.1 8.3
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.39
All Engine Slush Takeoff Distance 767-300 - 182,800 kg, V1 = 163 IAS
All engine performance All engine performance -- 1/2 inch slush1/2 inch slush
Slush limit weight = AFM weight - ∆∆ weight slushweight slush= 182,800 - 38003800 = 179,000 kg
AccelerateGo
35 Feet
V=0
Runway available
V1=163 IAS
Stop
Baseline - AFM balance field length - 9520 Feet
35 Feet Margin 15%
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.40
Contaminated Runway CaseEngine Failure Considered
Accelerate - Stop
Accelerate - Go
1.15 All Eng Distance
Minimum Runway Required - FAR Dry
1V 1 balancedV
1.15 All Eng Distance(Slush)
Distance
Weight AltitudeTemperatureFlap
Accelerate - Stop(Slush)
Accelerate - Go(Slush)
Slush Runway Required
IncreaseDistance
V1 adjustment
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.41
Constant Field Length Weight Reduction and V1 Adj.Engine Failure Considered
Brake release gross weight
AltitudeTemperatureFlapField
length
FAR Dry Field Length
Brake release gross weight
V1
FAR V1
{Slush Field Length
{Slush V1
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.42
Constant Field Length Weight Reduction and V1 Adj.Engine Failure Considered
Brake release gross weight
AltitudeTemperatureFlapField
length
FAR Dry Field Length
Brake release gross weight
V1
FAR V1
Slush Field Length
Slush V1
Constant Field Length ∆Wt (slush)
∆V1 (slush)
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Sample Ops Manual Slush/Standing Water DataEngine Failure Considered - 737-500 / 20K Rating
WEIGHT(1000 KG)
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
4000 FT 8000 FTS.L.
-3
-5
-7
-10
-13
-16
-18
-19
-19
-4
-5
-6
-8
-11
-13
-16
-17
-18
-4
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-11
-13
-15
6 MM (0.25 INCHES)
V1 Adjustment (1000 kg)
FIELD/OBSTACLE LIMIT WEIGHT
(1000 KG)
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
4000 FT 8000 FTS.L.
-9.4
-8.8
-7.9
-7.1
-6.2
-5.5
-4.8
-4.5
-4.3
-10.1
-9.6
-8.8
-8.0
-7.0
-6.1
-5.3
-4.9
-4.8
-10.8
-10.4
-9.8
-9.0
-8.1
-7.2
-6.1
-5.3
-4.6
6 MM (0.25 INCHES)
Weight Adjustment (1000 kg)
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.44
Engine Out Slush Takeoff Distance 767-300 - 182,800 kg, V1 = 163 IAS
Engine out performance Engine out performance -- 1/2 inch slush1/2 inch slushSlush limit weight = AFM weight - weight slushweight slush
= 182,800 - 28,90028,900 = 153,900 kg
AccelerateGo
35 Feet
V=0
Runway available
V1=163 IAS
Stop
Baseline - AFM balance field length - 9520 Feet
Accelerate
15 Feet
V=0
V1 = 147 - 1010 = 137 IAS
Stop
V1 = QRH V1 at Actual Weight - ∆∆V1 SlushV1 Slush
Go
∆∆
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.45
Slippery Runway(Wet or Icy)
• No effect on acceleration
• Engine out accelerate - go–Go to 15-ft screen height
• Accelerate - stop–Reduce tire to ground friction–Credit for reverse thrust
• All engine - No effect on calculation of all engine takeoff distance
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.46
Airplane Braking Coefficient - µ
µ = Average airplane braking coefficient during the stop(Note: this is not tire to ground friction)
B
B
L
W
Stopping Force due to wheel brakes
µB ( W - L )=
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.47
• Boeing slippery runway data (PEM/JAROPS 1)– RTO - µ = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2– Landing - µ = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2
Airplane Braking Coefficient - µB
B
• Typical dry values from Boeing certification testing– µ = 0.35 to 0.41– Maximum manual braking, anti-skid limited region
B
B
• AC 91-6B and AMJ25X1591– Wet can be approximated by 1/2µ dry max - fair– JAR certifications, Compact snow - µ = 0.20– Wet ice - µ = 0.05 - nil
B
B
B
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.48
Slippery Runway CaseEngine Failure Considered
Accelerate - Stop(Slippery)
Accelerate - Stop
1.15 All Eng Distance
Minimum Runway Required - FAR Dry
1 balancedV
Distance
Weight AltitudeTemperatureFlap
Accelerate - Go Slippery - 15 foot screen height
Slippery Runway Required
{IncreaseDistance
V1 adjustment
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.49
Constant Field Length Weight Reduction and V1 Adj.Engine Failure Considered
Brake release gross weight
AltitudeTemperatureFlapField
length
FAR Dry Field Length
Brake release gross weight
V1
FAR V1
{
Slippery Field Length
{Slippery V1
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.50
Constant Field Length Weight Reduction and V1 Adj.Engine Failure Considered
Brake release gross weight
AltitudeTemperatureFlapField
length
FAR Dry Field Length
Brake release gross weight
V1
FAR V1
Slippery Field Length
Slippery V1
Constant Field Length ∆Wt (slippery)
∆V1 (slippery)
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.51
Slippery Runway• Boeing does not correlate “friction vehicle
reported runway friction” to airplane braking coefficient.
• Pilot reported runway braking condition advisory information only
AssumedAirplaneBraking coefficient
0.20 0.10 0.05
Good Medium Poor
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Sample Ops Manual Slippery Runway DataEngine Failure Considered - 737-500 / 20K Rating
FIELD/OBSTACLE LIMIT WEIGHT
(1000 KG)
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
4000 FT 8000 FTS.L.
-4.1
-4.2
-4.2
-4.1
-3.8
-3.6
-3.6
-3.7
-4.1
MEDIUM
Weight Adjustment (1000 kg)
WEIGHT(1000 KG)
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
4000 FT 8000 FTS.L.
-10
-13
-15
-17
-19
-21
-22
-23
-25
-8
-11
-13
-15
-17
-19
-20
-21
-23
-6
-9
-11
-13
-15
-17
-18
-19
-21
MEDIUM
V1 Adjustment (1000 kg)
-4.1
-4.2
-4.2
-4.1
-3.8
-3.6
-3.6
-3.7
-4.1
-4.1
-4.2
-4.2
-4.1
-3.8
-3.6
-3.6
-3.7
-4.1
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.53
V1MCG Considerations
V1 reductions associated with slippery and contaminated runways increases the possibility of being limited by V1MCG considerations.
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.54
V1mcg Case
Accelerate - Go Slippery - 15 foot screen height
Slippery Runway Required
V1 slippery V1mcg
Accelerate - Stop
1.15 All Eng Distance
Minimum Runway Required - FAR Dry
1 balancedV
Distance
Weight AltitudeTemperatureFlap
Accelerate - Stop(Slippery)
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Sample OM Slush/Standing Minimum Field Length Page737-500 / 20K Rating
AVAILABLE FIELD
LENGTHFT
420046005000540058006200660070007400
S.L.
30.737.644.551.859.166.573.8
4000 FT 8000 FT
V1 = V1(MCG) LIMIT WEIGHT 1000 KG
PRESSURE ALTITUDE
6 MM (0.25 INCHES)
28.133.739.344.951.057.163.2
28.133.138.143.148.353.5
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.56
V1MCG Limitation based on Accelerate - Stop Distance
• Distance Required to accelerate to a given velocity and stop is less for deeper slush. 737-500/20k rating, V1mcg = 109 kias, GW = 52,000 kg
Slush Depth Accel-stop distance to V1mcg 3 mm 6050 feet 6 mm 5800 feet 13 mm 5600 feet
• This is because the slush drag penalty on the all engine acceleration segment is less than the benefit that the slush drag provides on the stop.
Result - Deeper slush more takeoff weight when limited by V1mcg
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.57
V1MCG Speed and Slush
3 mm6 mm13 mm
Field length required
Brake release gross weight
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.58
V1MCG Speed, Slush and Derate
ThrustV1mcg
TO126
TO-1123
TO-2117
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.59
V1MCG Speed, Slush and Derate
TOTO-1TO-2
Field length required
Brake release gross weight
Given Slush Depth
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.60
Agenda:
• Basic Regulations and Definitions
• Physics of Contaminated Runways
• Operational Practice
• Operational Data/Applications
• Other Considerations
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.61
Operational DataCondition: 737- 500
CFM56-3 series @ 20K enginesRunway length available = 6,000 ftField/obstacle limit weight = 60,000 kgsSea level, 0 C, flaps 5
6 mm (0.25”) of slush6 mm (0.25”) of slush
Step 1 - Determine gross weight reduction
Step 2 - Determine V1mcg limit weight
Step 3 - Lowest of step 1 and 2 is limiting weight
Step 4 - Determine V1 at actual takeoff weight
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.62
Ops Manual Slush/Standing Water Page0.25 in (6mm) Slush/Standing Water Depth
FIELD/OBSTACLE LIMIT WEIGHT
(1000 KG)
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
4000 FT 8000 FTS.L.
-9.4
-8.8
-7.9
-7.1
-6.2
-5.5
-4.8
-4.5
-4.3
-10.1
-9.6
-8.8
-8.0
-7.0
-6.1
-5.3
-4.9
-4.8
-10.8
-10.4
-9.8
-9.0
-8.1
-7.2
-6.1
-5.3
-4.6
6 MM (0.25 INCHES)
Weight Adjustment (1000 kg)
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.63
Operational DataCondition: 737- 500
CFM56-3 series @ 20K enginesRunway length available = 6,000 ftField/obstacle limit weight = 60,000 kgsSea level, 0 C, flaps 56 mm (0.25”) of slush6 mm (0.25”) of slush
Step 1 - Determine gross weight reduction
Step 2 - Determine V1mcg limit weight
Step 3 - Lowest of step 1 and 2 is limiting weight
Step 4 - Determine V1 at actual takeoff weight
60,000 - 7900 = 52,100 kgs
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.64
Ops Manual Slush/Standing Water Page0.25 in (6mm) Slush/Standing Water Depth
AVAILABLE FIELD
LENGTHFT
420046005000540058006200660070007400
S.L.
30.737.644.551.859.166.573.8
4000 FT 8000 FT
V1 = V1(MCG) LIMIT WEIGHT 1000 KG
PRESSURE ALTITUDE
6 MM (0.25 INCHES)
28.133.739.344.951.057.163.2
28.133.138.143.148.353.5
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.65
Operational DataCondition: 737- 500
CFM56-3 series @ 20K enginesRunway length available = 6,000 ftField/obstacle limit weight = 60,000 kgsSea level, 0 C, flaps 56 mm (0.25”) of slush6 mm (0.25”) of slush
Step 1 - Determine gross weight reduction
Step 2 - Determine V1mcg limit weight
Step 3 - Lowest of step 1 and 2 is limiting weight
Step 4 - Determine V1 at actual takeoff weight
55,450 kgs
60,000 - 7900 = 52,100 kgs
52,100 kgs, lowest of step 1 and 2
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.66
Ops Manual Slush/Standing Water Page0.25 in (6mm) Slush/Standing Water Depth
QRH/FMC Dry Runway Takeoff Speeds at 52,100 kgs
132 / 134 / 142
WEIGHT(1000 KG)
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
4000 FT 8000 FTS.L.
-3
-5
-7
-10
-13
-16
-18
-19
-19
-4
-5
-6
-8
-11
-13
-16
-17
-18
-4
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-11
-13
-15
6 MM (0.25 INCHES)
V1 Adjustment (1000 kg)
-13119 / 134 / 142
V1mcg for this condition is 109 kias. Not limiting.
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.67
6 mm (0.25”) of slush6 mm (0.25”) of slush
1 Go
B + S/B + T/R52,100 kg
Stop
V = 119
6000 feet
1 Go
B + S/B60,000 kg
Stop
V = 144
Dry runway Dry runway -- “normal”“normal”
15 feet
35 feet
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.68
Agenda:
• Basic Regulations and Definitions
• Physics of Contaminated Runways
• Operational Practice
• Operational Data/Applications
• Other Considerations
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.69
Landing on Slippery Runways• Touchdown 1,000 ft(1200 for 747) from approach end of runway• Maximum manual braking• Reverse thrust• Data provided for normal or non-normal landing configurations
LANDING WEIGHT 1000 LB
LAN
DIN
G D
ISTA
NC
E 1
000
FT
200 240 280 320 360 400 440
10
8
6
4
2
µBµB0.05FAR WET(REFERENCE)0.10
0.150.20
0.05FAR WET(REFERENCE)0.10
0.150.20
12
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.70
Snow EquivalenciesAs Taken From Draft AC 91-6B
STANDING WATER (INCHES)
SNO
W D
EPTH
(IN
CH
ES)
0
4
3
2
1
01/4 1/2
TAKE
OFF
SH
OU
LD N
OT
BE A
TTEM
PED
LOOSE DRY SNOW
HEAVY WET SNOW OR SLUSH
Note: On JAR certified airplanes dry snow takeoff performance isprovided as advisory data in the JAR AFM and the operational takeoff program BTM (777, 737 NG)
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.71
Crosswind Guidelines•Boeing publishes takeoff and landing crosswind guidelines in the Flight Crew Training Manuals– Derived from analysis and piloted simulations– Based on steady winds– Function of runway condition - dry, wet, standing
water/slush, snow - no melting, ice - no melting– Accounts for asymmetric reverse thrust– Provides guidance on technique (side slip, crab)
top related