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Connective Tissue
Components of Connective Tissue
MatrixThe matrix of connective tissue
can composed of fibers which are produced by fibroblasts such as
-collegen -elastic -reticular
The matrix of connective tissue can also be composed of a substance called, ground substance.
- ground substance is a gel like matrix that surrounds the cells and fibers of the tissue.
CellsThe cells suspended in the matrix
vary from type to type. These cells include:
- fibroblasts (most common, produces fibers)
- plasma cells (a type of white blood cells)
- macrophages (a type of white blood cell, defense cells)
- adipocytes (fat cells)- lymphocytes (white blood cells)- chondrocytes (cartilage)- osteocytes (bone)- erythrocytes (red blood cells)- platelets
Functions of Connective Tissue
1) establishing a structural framework for the body
2) transporting fluids and dissolved materials from in body
3) provides protection for delicate organs
4) supports, surrounds, and interconnects other tissue types
5) stores energy reserves (especially lipids)
6) defends the body from invasion
Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue Proper
1. Loose Connective Tissue
a. areolar
b. adipose
c. reticular
2. Dense Connective Tissue
a. Regular
b. Irregular
c. Elastic
Specialized Connective Tissue
3. Hyaline cartilage
4. Elastic cartilage
5. Fibrocartilage
6. Bone
a. Compact
b. Spongy
7. Blood
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Table 4.1 Comparison of Classes of Connective Tissues (1 of 2)
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Table 4.1 Comparison of Classes of Connective Tissues (2 of 2)
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Figure 4.7 Areolar connective tissue: A prototype (model) connective tissue.
Macrophage
Fibroblast
Lymphocyte
Fat cellMast cell
Neutrophil
Capillary
Cell types ExtracellularmatrixFibers• Collagen fiber• Elastic fiber• Reticular fiber
Ground substance
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Figure 4.8a Connective tissues.
(a) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar
Description: Gel-like matrix with allthree fiber types; cells: fibroblasts,macrophages, mast cells, and somewhite blood cells.
Function: Wraps and cushionsorgans; its macrophages phagocytizebacteria; plays important role ininflammation; holds and conveystissue fluid.
Location: Widely distributed underepithelia of body, e.g., forms laminapropria of mucous membranes;packages organs; surroundscapillaries.
Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, asoft packaging tissue of the body (300x).
Epithelium
Laminapropria
Fibroblastnuclei
Elasticfibers
Collagenfibers
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Figure 4.8b Connective tissues.
(b) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose
Description: Matrix as in areolar,but very sparse; closely packedadipocytes, or fat cells, havenucleus pushed to the side by largefat droplet.
Function: Provides reserve foodfuel; insulates against heat loss;supports and protects organs.
Location: Under skin in thehypodermis; around kidneys andeyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts.
Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from thesubcutaneous layer under the skin (350x).
Nucleus offat cell
Vacuolecontainingfat droplet
Adiposetissue
Mammaryglands
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Figure 4.8c Connective tissues.
(c) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular
Description: Network of reticularfibers in a typical loose groundsubstance; reticular cells lie on thenetwork.
Function: Fibers form a soft internalskeleton (stroma) that supports othercell types including white blood cells,mast cells, and macrophages.
Location: Lymphoid organs (lymphnodes, bone marrow, and spleen).
Photomicrograph: Dark-staining network of reticularconnective tissue fibers forming the internal skeletonof the spleen (350x).
Spleen
White bloodcell(lymphocyte)
Reticularfibers
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Figure 4.8d Connective tissues.
(d) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular
Description: Primarily parallelcollagen fibers; a few elastic fibers;major cell type is the fibroblast.
Function: Attaches muscles tobones or to muscles; attaches bonesto bones; withstands great tensilestress when pulling force is appliedin one direction.
Location: Tendons, mostligaments, aponeuroses.
Photomicrograph: Dense regular connectivetissue from a tendon (500x).
Shoulderjoint
Ligament
Tendon
Collagenfibers
Nuclei offibroblasts
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Figure 4.8e Connective tissues.
(e) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular
Description: Primarilyirregularly arranged collagenfibers; some elastic fibers;major cell type is the fibroblast.
Function: Able to withstandtension exerted in manydirections; provides structuralstrength.
Location: Fibrous capsules oforgans and of joints; dermis ofthe skin; submucosa ofdigestive tract.
Photomicrograph: Dense irregularconnective tissue from the dermis of theskin (400x).
Collagenfibers
Nuclei offibroblasts
Fibrousjointcapsule
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Figure 4.8f Connective tissues.
(f) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic
Description: Dense regularconnective tissue containing a highproportion of elastic fibers.
Function: Allows recoil of tissuefollowing stretching; maintainspulsatile flow of blood througharteries; aids passive recoil of lungsfollowing inspiration.
Location: Walls of large arteries;within certain ligaments associatedwith the vertebral column; within thewalls of the bronchial tubes.
Elastic fibers
Aorta
HeartPhotomicrograph: Elastic connective tissue inthe wall of the aorta (250x).
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Figure 4.8g Connective tissues.
(g) Cartilage: hyaline
Description: Amorphous but firmmatrix; collagen fibers form animperceptible network; chondroblastsproduce the matrix and when mature(chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.
Function: Supports and reinforces;has resilient cushioning properties;resists compressive stress.
Location: Forms most of theembryonic skeleton; covers the endsof long bones in joint cavities; formscostal cartilages of the ribs; cartilagesof the nose, trachea, and larynx.
Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilage from thetrachea (750x).
Costalcartilages
Chondrocytein lacuna
Matrix
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Figure 4.8h Connective tissues.
(h) Cartilage: elastic
Description: Similar to hyalinecartilage, but more elastic fibersin matrix.
Function: Maintains the shapeof a structure while allowinggreat flexibility.
Location: Supports the externalear (pinna); epiglottis.
Photomicrograph: Elastic cartilage fromthe human ear pinna; forms the flexibleskeleton of the ear (800x).
Chondrocytein lacuna
Matrix
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Figure 4.8i Connective tissues.
(i) Cartilage: fibrocartilage
Description: Matrix similar tobut less firm than that in hyalinecartilage; thick collagen fiberspredominate.
Function: Tensile strengthwith the ability to absorbcompressive shock.
Location: Intervertebral discs;pubic symphysis; discs of kneejoint.
Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of anintervertebral disc (125x). Special stainingproduced the blue color seen.
Intervertebraldiscs
Chondrocytesin lacunae
Collagenfiber
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Figure 4.8j Connective tissues.
(j) Others: bone (osseous tissue)
Description: Hard, calcifiedmatrix containing many collagenfibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae.Very well vascularized.
Function: Bone supports andprotects (by enclosing);provides levers for the musclesto act on; stores calcium andother minerals and fat; marrowinside bones is the site for bloodcell formation (hematopoiesis).
Location: Bones
Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional viewof bone (125x).
Lacunae
Lamella
Centralcanal
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Figure 4.8k Connective tissues.
(k) Others: blood
Description: Red and whiteblood cells in a fluid matrix(plasma).
Function: Transport ofrespiratory gases, nutrients,wastes, and other substances.
Location: Contained withinblood vessels.
Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1860x); twowhite blood cells (neutrophil in upper left and lymphocytein lower right) are seen surrounded by red blood cells.
Neutrophil
Red bloodcells
Lymphocyte
Plasma
What kind of tissue does this represent?
Where in the body can you find this tissue?
delicate thin layers between tissues; present in all mucous membranes
Areolar connective tissue
What kind of tissue does this represent?
Where in the body can you find this tissue?
Adipose tissue
fat
What kind of tissue does this represent?
Where in the body can you find this tissue?
Dense Regular connective tissue
tendons; ligaments
What kind of tissue does this represent?
Where in the body can you find this tissue?
Hyaline cartilage
nose; ends of long bones; ribs
What kind of tissue does this represent?
Where in the body can you find this tissue?
Elastic cartilage
outer ear; epiglottis
What kind of tissue does this represent?
Where in the body can you find this tissue?
Fibrocartilage
between vertebrae; knee joints; pubic joint
What kind of tissue does this represent?
Where in the body can you find this tissue?
Bone
outside of bones
What kind of tissue does this represent?
Where in the body can you find this tissue?
Reticular Tissue
found around the liver, the kidney, the spleen, and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow
What kind of tissue does this represent?
Where in the body can you find this tissue?
Blood
bloodstream
What kind of tissue does this represent?
Where in the body can you find this tissue?
Spongy Bone
inside of bones
What kind of tissue does this represent?
Where in the body can you find this tissue?walls of arteries and vocal cords
Elastic Connective Tissue
What kind of tissue does this represent?Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Where in the body can you find this tissue? In dermis of skin
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