conception/obstetrics nursing
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CONCEPTION
THE PROCESS OF CONCEPTION
OVUM The ovum or egg cell is the female sex cell or
gamete OOGENESIS refers to the development and
maturation of ovum The ovum is regularly released by the ovary
through the process of OVULATION The egg cell has a lifespan of 24 hours, it can only
be fertilized within this period. The ovum has two protective covering; the outer
layer and the inner layer.
Zona Pellucida
Zona Pellucida
Corona RadiataCorona Radiata
THE PROCESS OF CONCEPTION
SPERM The sperm cell or spermatozoa is the male sex
cell or gamete SPERMATOGENESIS is the process of maturation
of sperm. It takes about days for sperm cell to attain maturity
It has three parts a HEAD, NECK,TAIL The sperm has a lifespan of 48 to 72 hours. The
sperm most be in the genital tract 2 to 6 hours before they can fertilize the egg to give time for CAPACITATION to occur.There are two type of sperm
cell;Gynosperm Androsperm
INSEMINATION
The deposition of sperm cell in the female genital tract that occurs during sexual intercourse.
The sperm swims so fast that within 90 seconds it reaches the uterus and in the fallopian tube within 5 minutes after deposition.
FERTILIZATION
• When the sperm cell reaches the uterus its head undergoes structural changes called capacitation.
FERTILIZATION
CHROMOSOME AND GENES The heredity and characteristics of a
person are found inside the cells nucleus in the form of chromosomes. Each strands of chromosomes is made up of thousands of genes that are composed of protein substance called DNA and RNA.
CHROMOSOME AND GENES
TWO TYPES OF CELLS FOUND IN HUMANS:
• BODY CELLS or somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes referred to as the diploid number . (Mitosis)
• SEX CELLS or gametes are the OVUM and SPERM cell. These cells divides by MEOSIS.
CHROMOSOME AND GENES
Each chromosomes is made up of a long thin thread of DNA that is coiled like a ball of string.
Like chromosomes GENES are inherited in pairs one from each parents. It is estimated that there are about 30,000 gene pair in each pair that makes up the person’s genetic blueprint.
MALE KARYOTYPE
FEMALE KARYOTYPE
Selected Examples of Single Gene Disorder
DISORDER OCCURRENCES
INHERITANCE
DESCRIPTION
ALBINISM 1:15,000-1:40,000
Autosomal Recessive
Melanin lacking in skin, hair and eyes,nystagmus
and photophobia
CYSTIC FIBROSIS 1:2000-1:2500
Autosomal Recessive
Abnormal exocrine gland function with pancreatic
insufficiency , chronic pulmonary disease,
excessive chloride in sweat
DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
1:3000-1:5000 males
X linked Recessive
Progressive muscular weakness atrophy
contractures, respiratory insufficiency and eventually death
HEMOPHILIA A 1:2500-1:4000 males
X linked Recessive
Coagulation disorder due to deficiency of factor VIII
HEMOPHILIA B 1:4000-1:7000 males
X linked Recessive
Coagulation disorder due to deficiency of factor IX
POLYDACTYLY 1:100-1:300 X Linked Dominant
Extra digits in hand s and feet
Assessment for the Presence of Genetic Defects
HistoryPhysical Assessment
Assessment for the Presence of Genetic Defects
KaryotypingChorionic Villi SamplingAmniocentesisPercutaneous Umbilical SamplingAlfa Fetoprotein AnalysisSonographyFetoscopy
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
Fertilization is the union of the ovum and a spermatozoon.(conception, impregnation or fecundation)
Name Time Period
Ovum From ovulation to fertilization
Zygote From fertilization to implantation
Embryo From fertilization to 5 to 8 weeks
Fetus From 8 weeks until term
Conceptus Developing embryo or fetus and placental structures throughout term
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
•This is the first cell of the human body formed from the fertilization of sperm and ovum.•The zygote journey from the fallopian tube to the uterus for a period of 3-4 days.
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
• BLASTOCYST is a ball like structure composed of inner cell embryonic disc or BLASTOCOELE and an outer layer of rapidly developing cells called TROPOBLAST.
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
• The Blastocyst remain free floating in the The Blastocyst remain free floating in the uterine cavity for 3 to 4days. It implants in the uterine cavity for 3 to 4days. It implants in the endometrium approximately 6 to 7 days after endometrium approximately 6 to 7 days after fertilization.fertilization.
• The ideal site for implantation is the FUNDAL The ideal site for implantation is the FUNDAL PORTION. 2/3 of the cases implant at the upper PORTION. 2/3 of the cases implant at the upper post. Uterine and 1/3 anterior surface of uterine post. Uterine and 1/3 anterior surface of uterine portionportion..
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
• TROPOBLAST gives rise to the PLACENTA, FETAL MEBRANE,UMBILICAL CORD and AMNIOTIC FLUID.
» Absorbs nutrients from the endometrium
» Secretes the hormone HCG
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
• BLASTOCOELE or embryonic disc gives rise to the three primary germ layer.
» Ectoderm» Endoderm» Mesoderm
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
DECIDUA:ENDOMETRIUM OF PREGNANCY
• After implantation the endometrium is now referred to as the DECIDUA
– The most ideal site for implantation
– Prevent infection coming from the vagina and cervix
– Hormone production; Prolactin, Relaxin, CRH, Growth hormones, Prostaglandin, Oxytocin and Endothelin-1
DECIDUA:ENDOMETRIUM OF PREGNANCY
Composed of three layers:• Decidua Parietalis located
under the decidua basalis• Decisua Basalis layer where
implantation takes place. This will also form the maternal side of the placenta.
• Decidua Capsularis enclose the blastocyst after implantation.
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
• During the 11During the 11thth to 12 to 12thth day when day when implantation is achieved. The tropoblast implantation is achieved. The tropoblast layer of the blastocyst begins to mature layer of the blastocyst begins to mature rapidly. That bring the development of a rapidly. That bring the development of a fingers or probes that reach out from a fingers or probes that reach out from a single layer of cell known as chorionic villisingle layer of cell known as chorionic villi
Fertilization,Implantation,Fetal Development
Fetal MembraneFetal MembraneThe fetal membrane encloses the fetus
and the amniotic fluid and protects the fetus against ascending bacterial infection as long it is not ruptured.
CHORIONIC MEMBRANE is a thick, opaque and friable membrane that comes in contact with the decidua and is attached at the margin of the placenta.
AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE it is a smooth, thin, tough and translucent membrane that is directly enclosing the fetus and the amniotic fluid. It continuous with the umbilical cord and covers the fetal surface of the placenta and is also the outer covering of the umbilical cord.
Amniotic Fluid
The amniotic fluid is the medium in which the fetus and the cord float inside the amniotic membrane. It is not a static state but is replaced every hour about 350-500 ml. Daily exchange of AF at 6 months is around 6 galloons.
Amniotic FluidHow it is produced?1. The fetus:
• Active secretion of the amniotic membrane
• Fetal urination .
2. Transudation from maternal circulation.
3. Removal or uptake of amniotic fluids is by;
• Absorption through the amnion to the maternal circulation
• By fetal swallowing
Amniotic FluidVolume:Volume:
a.a. The volume of the amniotic fluid The volume of the amniotic fluid increases from the first trimester increases from the first trimester until the 38until the 38thth week. week.
b.b. Normally AF volume ranges from Normally AF volume ranges from 500 to 1200 ml averaging from 500 to 1200 ml averaging from 1000ml.1000ml.
Composition:Composition:
a.a. Composed of 99% water and 1% Composed of 99% water and 1% solid particlessolid particles
b.b. Contains albumin, urea, minerals Contains albumin, urea, minerals and suspended materials and and suspended materials and vernix caseosavernix caseosa
Color:Color:a.a. It is clear and colorless to straw It is clear and colorless to straw
coloredcolored
b.b. Green tinged is abnormalGreen tinged is abnormal
c.c. Golden yellow is abnormalGolden yellow is abnormal
d.d. Gray is abnormalGray is abnormal
e.e. Bloody indicates Bloody indicates vasa previavasa previa
f.f. Brownish coffee or tea is abnormalBrownish coffee or tea is abnormal
Amniotic Fluid
PH: 7.0 to 7.25PH: 7.0 to 7.25
Specific Gravity: 1.005 to 1.025Specific Gravity: 1.005 to 1.025
Function of the AF:Function of the AF: ProtectionProtection Promotes symetric Promotes symetric
musculoskeletal developmentmusculoskeletal development Acts as a excretion and Acts as a excretion and
secretion systemsecretion system Source of oral fluid for the Source of oral fluid for the
fetus fetus DiagnosisDiagnosis Assist in labor.Assist in labor.
Amniotic Fluid
Amount of AF:Amount of AF: 30 ml at 10 weeks30 ml at 10 weeks 350 ml at 20 weeks350 ml at 20 weeks 800 to 1000 ml by 37 weeks800 to 1000 ml by 37 weeks
Oligohydramios reduction in the Oligohydramios reduction in the amount of AF (under 300ml)amount of AF (under 300ml)
Hydramnios excessive amniotic Hydramnios excessive amniotic fluid (more than 2000ml)fluid (more than 2000ml)
U m b i l i c a l C o r d
It main function is to carry oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus and return un-oxygenated blood and fetal waste product to the placenta. BLOOD VESSELS:
2 arteries, 1 vein
LENGHT: is about 50 to 55 cm long. It appears dull white moist and covered by the amnion.
Whartons Jelly is a gelatinous substance found inside the cord.
CORD INSERTION: Central Insertion Lateral Insertion Velamentous when the chorioamniotic membrane is inserted in the
membrane 5 to 10 cm away from the edge of the placenta Battledore cord id inserted at the edge of the placenta
PLACENTA
Placenta• The placenta rise out of the Tropoblast tissue• It serves as the fetal lung, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract and a
separate endocrine system throughout the pregnancy.• As early as 12th weeks of pregnancy maternal blood begins to
collect in spaces. • There is no directs exchange of blood between the embryo and
the mother during pregnancy “selection osmosis”• As the network of the chorionic villi increases with pregnancy it
will form a network and become separated by a series of partition or septa known as “cotyledons”
• Uterine perfusion is most efficient when the mother lies on her left side.
» Maternal side » Fetal side
• The nourishment of the placenta comes from the maternal blood and it can grow only up to a limited time (40-42).
Function of the PlacentaRespiratory System Renal SystemGatro-intestinal System Endocrine System the placenta produces the following hormones
HCG, Estrogen, Progesterone, and HPL, ACTH and Growth Hormones
• HCG rises sharply after implantation reaching a peak of 100,000 mIU/ml about the 60th day of pregnancy falls sharply to a level of 30,000 mIU/ml and is maintained at this level until term.
• HPL is growth promoting and lactogenic in nature. It is produced by the placenta beginning as early as 6 weeks or pregnancy an then increase in amount at term.
• Estrogene • Progesterone
Abnormalities of the Placenta
1. Placenta Bilobata: The placenta consists of two equal lobes connected by placental tissue.
2.Placenta Bipartita: The placenta consists of two equal parts connected by membranes. The umbilical cord is inserted in one lobe and branches from its vessels cross the membranes to the other lobe. Rarely, the umbilical cord divides into two branches, each supplies a lobe.
3. Placenta Succenturiata: The placenta consists of a large lobe and a smaller one connecting together by membranes. The umbilical cord is inserted into the large lobe and branches of its vessels cross the membranes to the small succenturiate (accessory) lobe. The accessory lobe may be retained in the uterus after delivery leading to postpartum haemorrhage. This is suspected if a circular gap is detected in the membranes from which blood vessels pass towards.
Abnormalities of the Placenta
Abnormal WeightThe placenta increases in size and weight as in congenital syphilis, hydropsfoetalis and diabetes mellitus.
Abnormal PositionPlacenta Praevia: The placenta is partly or completely attached to the lower uterine segment.
Abnormal AdhesionPlacenta Accreta: The chorionic villi penetrate deeply into the uterine wall to reach the myometrium, due to deficient deciduabasalis. When the villi penetrate deeply into the myometrium, it is called "placenta increta" and when they reach the peritoneal coat it is called "placenta percreta".
The Origin and Development of Organ System
• Cardiovascular System:– First system to become functional in intrauterine life. – The heart tube begins to forms early as 16th day and begin to beat as early as the
24th day.– As early as 3rd week of intrauterine life fetal blood begun to exchange nutrients with
the maternal circulation across the chorionic villi. The fetal circulation differs that of the extrauterine life.
– Blood arriving from the placenta contains high concentration of oxygen . (80%)– FHB is 120 to 160 bpm – Despite a low level of O2 level, CO2 does not accumulate in the fetal system because
of rapid diffusion into the maternal blood.
FETAL HEMOGLOBIN Composed of two alpha and two gamma Hemoglobin concentration 17.1 g/100ml of blood Hematocrit 53%
Ductus VenosusDuctus Venosus
Ductus ArteriosusDuctus Arteriosus
Foramen OvaleForamen Ovale
Ductus Arteriosus
Foramen Ovale
FETAL CIRCULATIONSTRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION
Placenta Attached to the Uterus
Gas exchange
Umbilical Arteries Two Arteries in the Cord
Carry UNO2 blood from the fetus to
the placenta
Umbilical Vein One Vein in the Cord
Carry O2 blood to the fetus
Foramen Ovale Opening in the inter-atrial septum
Shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium so
that blood can supplied the brain, heart and kidneys
Ductus Venosus Accessory vein connecting
umbilical vein into fetal liver and IVC
To supply blood to liver. A bypass to
the fetal liver
Ductus Arteriosus Connection between fetal
lungs and the aorta
Shunts larger portion if the blood
away from the lungs and directly
to the aorta
FETAL CIRCULATION
Blood from the Placenta
Umbilical Vein
Enter the Ductus Venosus
Passes through the IFC
Enter the Right Atrium
Left Ventricle Aorta
Right Atrium Enters the Right
Ventricle
Enters the Pulmonary Artery with some blood going to Lungs
Flows to the Ductus Arteriosus
Enters the Descending Aorta
Enters the Hypogastric
Artery goes back to Placenta
Nervous SystemNervous System 3rd week and 4th week a neural plate is apparent in
the developing embryo. Although the parts of the brain form into the uterus
the brain is not mature at birth. All during pregnancy and at birth the system is
vulnerable to damage
Endocrine SystemEndocrine System The fetal adrenal glands plays direct role in placental
estrogen production as they supply a precursor of estrogen synthesis
The fetal pancreas produces the insulin needed by the fetus
Digestive System 6th Week of IUL the abdomen become too small to contain
the intestine enters the base of the umbilical cord. 10th week time when the fetal trunk extended and enlarge.
OMPHALOCELE is a type of abdominal wall defect in which the intestines, liver, and occasionally other organs remain outside of the abdomen in a sac because of a defect in the development of the muscles of the abdominal wall.
Digestive System At 12th weeks the fetus swallows amniotic
fluid .Meconium form in the intestine as early as the 16th week. It consist of cellular waste, bile, fats , mucoproteins, mucopolysaccharides and portion of the verniz caseosa.
The gastro intestinal system is sterile before birth. The liver is active throughout gestation. Is still immature at birth. (hyperbilirubinemia and
hypoglycemia)
SKELETAL SYSTEM 4 weeks parts of the mesoderm gives rise to the
bones and muscle 13 week the skeleton begins to calcify
Respiratory System 7th week of IUL diaphragm completely divides
the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Respiratory System 7th week of IUL diaphragm completely divides the
thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Between the 24th and 28th weeks alveoli and capillaries
must be complete before gas exchange can occur in the fetal lungs
24th week of pregnancy alveolar cells begins to produce surfactants
Surfactants has two components Lecithin and Sphingomyelin (2:1)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM The skin appears thin and translucent until
subcutaneous fats begins to deposited at about 36 weeks. (lanugo, vernix caseosa)
Immune System IgG gives the fetus temporary passive immunity
against disease for which the mother has antibodies (poliomyelitis, rubella, rubeola, diphtheria, tetanus, infectious parotitis, pertussis, ) little or no immunity against varicella or the herpes.
The level of passive immunity peaks at birth and then decrease over the next 9 months while the infant begins to develop their own stores of IgA and IgM.
Fetal Development
Fetal Development
Fetal Development
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1 Month
• First TrimesterAt the end of four weeks:
• Baby is 1/4 inch in length • Heart, digestive system,
backbone and spinal cord begin to form
• Placenta (sometimes called "afterbirth") begins to develop
• The single fertilized egg is now 10,000 times larger than size at conception
Month 2
• First TrimesterAt the end of 8 weeks:
• Baby is 1-1/8 inches long • Heart is functioning • Eyes, nose, lips, tongue,
ears and teeth are forming • Penis begins to appear in
boys • Baby is moving, although
the mother can not yet feel movement
Month 3
• First TrimesterAt the end of 12 weeks:
• Baby is 2 1/2 to 3 inches long • Weight is about 1/2 to 1 ounce • Baby develops recognizable form.
Nails start to develop and earlobes are formed
• Arms, hands, fingers, legs, feet and toes are fully formed
• Eyes are almost fully developed • Baby has developed most of
his/her organs and tissues • Baby's heart rate can be heard at
10 weeks with a special instrument called a Doppler
4 months
Month 4
• Second TrimesterAt the end of 4 months:
• Baby is 6 1/2 to 7 inches long • Weight is about 6 to 7 ounces • Baby is developing reflexes, such
as sucking and swallowing and may begin sucking his/her thumb
• Tooth buds are developing • Sweat glands are forming on
palms and soles • Fingers and toes are well defined • Sex is identifiable • Skin is bright pink, transparent
and covered with soft, downy hair • Although recognizably human in
appearance, the baby would not be able to survive outside the mother's body
Month 5
• Second TrimesterAt the end of 5 months:
• Baby is 8 to 10 inches long • Weight is about 1 pound • Hair begins to grow on baby's
head • Soft woolly hair called lanugo
will cover its body. Some may remain until a week after birth, when it is shed.
• Mother begins to feel fetal movement
• Internal organs are maturing • Eyebrows, eyelids and
eyelashes appear
Month 6
• Second TrimesterAt the end of 6 months:
• Baby is 11 to 14 inches long
• Weight is about 1 3/4 to 2 pounds
• Eyelids begin to part and eyes open sometimes for short periods of time
• Skin is covered with protective coating called vernix
• Baby is able to hiccup
Month 7
• Third TrimesterAt the end of 7 months:
• Baby is 14 to 16 inches long • Weight is about 2 1/2 to 3 1/2
pounds • Taste buds have developed • Fat layers are forming • Organs are maturing • Skin is still wrinkled and red • If born at this time, baby will
be considered a premature baby and require special care
•
Month 8
• Third TrimesterAt the end of 8 months:
• Baby is 16 1/2 to 18 inches long • Weight is about 4 to 6 pounds • Overall growth is rapid this month • Tremendous brain growth occurs
at this time • Most body organs are now
developed with the exception of the lungs
• Movements or "kicks" are strong enough to be visible from the outside
• Kidneys are mature • Skin is less wrinkled • Fingernails now extend beyond
fingertips
Month 9
Third TrimesterAt the end of 9 months:
• Baby is 19 to 20 inches long
• Weight is about 7 to 7 1/2 pounds
• The lungs are mature • Baby is now fully
developed and can survive outside the mother's body
• Skin is pink and smooth • Baby settles down lower in
the abdomen in preparation for birth and may seem less active
VIABILITY
• Capability of fetus to survive outside uterus at the earliest gestational age - 22-24 weeks
• Survival depends on:– Maturity of fetal
central nervous system
– Maturity of lungs
4 Weeks
• At this point of development the structures that eventually form the face and neck are becoming evident. The heart and blood vessels continue to develop. And the lungs, stomach, and liver start to develop. A home pregnancy test is now positive.
8 Weeks
• The baby is now about the size of a grape - almost an inch in size. Eyelids and ears are forming and even the tip of the nose is visible. The arms and legs are well formed. The fingers and toes grow longer and more distinct.
12 Weeks
• The fetus measures about two and a half inches and starts to make its own movements. You may start to feel the top of your uterus above the pelvic bone. Your doctor may hear the baby's heartbeat with special instruments. The sex organs of the baby should start to become clear.
16 Weeks
• The fetus now measures about 4.3 to 4.6 inches and weighs about 2.8 ounces. The top of your uterus should be felt about three inches below your belly button. The baby's eyes can blink and the heart and blood vessels are fully formed. The baby's fingers and toes should have fingerprints.
20 Weeks
• The baby weighs about 9 ounces and is about six inches long. The uterus should be at the level of the belly button. The baby can suck a thumb, yawn, stretch, and make faces. Soon -- if you haven't already -- you'll feel your baby move, which is called "quickening."
• An ultrasound is generally performed for all pregnant women at 20 weeks of gestation. During this ultrasound, the doctor will confirm that the placenta is healthy and attached normally and that your baby is growing properly in the uterus. The baby's heartbeat and movement of its body, arms, and legs can also be seen on the ultrasound. The gender of the baby can usually be determined at 20 weeks.
24 Weeks• The fetus weighs about
1.4 pounds now. It responds to sounds by moving or increasing its pulse. You may notice jerking motions if it hiccups. With the inner ear fully developed, it may be able to sense being upside down in the womb.
28 Weeks• The fetus weighs about 2
pounds 6 ounces. It changes position frequently at this point in pregnancy. There's a good chance of survival if your baby was born prematurely now. Ask your doctor about preterm labor warning signs. Register for birthing classes. Birthing classes prepare you for many aspects of childbirth, including labor and delivery and parenting the newborn.
32 Weeks• Often on the move, the
fetus weighs almost 4 pounds. The baby's skin has less wrinkles as a layer of fat starts to form under the skin. It will gain up to half its birth weight between now and delivery. Ask your doctor how to do a fetal movement chart. Think about breastfeeding. Soon you may start leaking colostrum from your breasts, a yellowish fluid that precedes milk production.
36 Weeks
• Fetal development at 36 weeks• Babies differ in size, depending on
many factors (such as gender, the number of babies being carried, and size of the parents), so your baby's overall rate of growth is as important as the actual size. On average, it's about 12.5 inches and weighs 5.5 pounds. The brain has been developing rapidly. Lungs are nearly fully developed. The head is usually positioned down into the pelvis by now. A pregnancy is considered 'at term' once 37 weeks has been completed; baby is ready!
40 WeeksA mother's due date marks the end of her 40th week. A pregnancy begins with implantation and the delivery date can be calculated using the first day of the last period. Based on this, pregnancy can last between 38 and 42 weeks with a 'full term' delivery occurring around 40 weeks. Some post-term pregnancies - those lasting more than 42 weeks - are not truly post-term. A common "cause" is an incorrect due date. For safety reasons, most babies are delivered by 42 weeks, inducing labor if necessary.
Pregnancy Presumptive Signs
M ORNING SICKNESS
A MENORRHEA
C HANGES IN BREAST
F ATIGUE
L ASSITUDE
U RINARY F REQUENCY
Q UICKENING (18TH 20TH WEEK)
S KIN CHANGES
Probable Signs
C hadwicvks H egar U terine Enlargement P ositive Pregnancy Test B alottment O utlining of fetal body G oodells S ouffle contraction and
BHC (28th)
Pregnancy Positive Sign
Fetal Heartbeat (10 weeks Doppler)
(16 weeks fetoscope)(18 to 20 weeks Stet.)
Fetal Movement felt usually after 20 weeks
Fetal Skeleton
The F.U.N of E. D. C.
• Fundal Height– Above symphysis pubis (12 to 14 weeks AOG)– If at the level of umbilicus (20 weeks)– THEN 1 CM until 36 weeks AOG
The F.U.N of E. D. C.
• Naegele’s Rule– Count back three months from the 1st day of last
menses and add seven days and one year (except January, February and March)
• For example the last menstrual period (LMP) began
July 30, 2010.
EDC ?????
Assessment of the Fetal Well Being
Amniocentesis Aspiration of the fluid from the uterus Done at 14 to 16 weeks of pregnancy The needle used is a 3 or 4 inches, 20 to 22 gauge spinal needle
Do not ask the mother to take a deep breath A syringe is inserted and about 10 to 20 ml of fluid is removed.
Provides the following information: Color LS ratio Bilirubin determination Chromosome analysis AFP
Assessment of the Fetal Well Being
Fetoscopy Visualization of the fetus by inspection through
fetoscope To confirm the intactness of the spinal column To obtain biopsy samples of the fetus To perform elemental surgery Can be performed as early as the 16th or 17th week
visuali
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