concept of shodhan
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उद्धीष्टेरौषध:े साध्द क्रियते पेषणाददकम ्|मलविच्छित्तये यत्तशुोधनं तददहोछयते |
रसतरंगिणी २/५२ननददष्टेरौषधे: साध्द पेषणम ्स्िेदानाददकम ् |दषु्टमं दोषविनाशाय शोधनं पररकीत्तीतम ||
रसममत्रा
कोणत्याही धातु आदि द्रव्य च ेमल ( िोष, विष ) िरू करण्यासाठी औषधा सोबत मिदन, शालन, ननिादपण ई. कमद करणे म्हणजे शोधन.
व्याख्या
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Shodhan means PURIFICATION
It is a process of separation by which physical and chemical impurities get separated from the substance by treatment with various drugs.
It is a process of removal of impurities from substances by means of pharmaceutical processing of Swedan, Mardan etc. with particular drugs.
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Shodhan is a process of purification and detoxification by which physical and chemical blemishes and toxic materials are eliminated and substances are subjected for further processing.
Modified Definition
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Elimination of physical and chemical impurities, which are not desired.
Eradication or minimization of toxicity of material.
Transformation of hard and non homogenous materials to soft, brittle, ductile and homogenous material
For therapeutic efficacy of drug.
Conversion of the material in suitable form for further processing.
Objectives
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Procedures
अभिषके (SPRINKLING)
The material is heated strongly and the liquid media is sprinkled over it without removing from fire.
Eg. Mandoor shodhan.
आचषूण (ABSORPTION)
The oily content of certain toxic material is minimized through different absorption means.
Eg. Bhallatak shodhan.
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आताप (drying)
The material is kept on fire or exposed to sunrays till its dryness.
Eg. मशलाजतु शोधन
िजदन (frying or roasting)
The material is fried with specific liquid media on mandangi(mild heat)
Eg. िैरीक शोधन
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िािना (levigation)
The material is triturated with prescribed liquid media for specific time period.
Eg. दहिंुळ शोधन
ढालन(melting and quenching)
At first material is melted by intense heat and then poured into a liquid media.
Eg. Nag shodhan
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गालन (melting and straining ) The solid material is melted first by heating and then
filtered through a cloth.
Eg. Gandhak shodhan
मिदन (trituration)The material is ground properly with prescribed drug
for specific period.
Eg. Parad shodhan.
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ननमज्जन (dipping)
The material is kept immersed in the prescribed liquid for specific period.
Eg. ित्सनाभ शोधन
ननज्रलीकरण (evaporation of water )
Whole water content of the material is evaporated by heating.
Eg. स्फटीक शोधन
ननिादप (heating and quenching )
The red hot material is dipped into prescribed liquid.
Eg. लोह शोधन www.bpharmanotes.com
पररश्रािण (straining)
The solid material is dissolved in suitable liquid media and separated from insoluble impurities through straining.
Eg. निसािर शोधन
पातन (sublimation)
Through Patan yantra the material is heated to convert into vapour form which the material is regained again by condensing.
Eg. िोदच्तत शोधन
पथृकीकरण (separation)
Physical impurities are removed.
Eg. िुग्िुळ शोधन
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स्िेिन ( boiling under liquid bath )
The material is boiled in prescribed media through DOLA YANTRA .
Eg. शंख शोधन
विलायन (elutriation)
The material is firstly dissolved in prescribed liquid media and left as such for sometime. Then the upper part of the liquid containing the soluble drug material is decanted into another pot leaving behind the impurities in the bottom of the first pot.
Eg. सस्यक शोधनwww.bpharmanotes.com
प्रकार
सामातय विशषेतलेे तिे ििा मुत्रे
ह्यारनाले कुलाथजे|िमातनीषेचयेत तप्तं द्रािे द्रािे
तु सप्तधा||सुिणााददलोहपतनाणं शुद्धीरेष
प्रशस्यत े|
लोह धातु च ेविशेष शोधन त्रत्रफळा
क्िथात
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Samanya shodhan
It is genrally appiled for drugs which are come into one category like Maharasa, Uparasa, Ratna and Dhatu.
The drug of group having some similar types of impurities. So that with the help of samanyashodhan general impurities can be removed.
Vishesh shodhan
It is specifically applied for the drugs which contain high concentrated chemicals.
Each drug of the group may have different types of impurities Which are vary from substances to substances & are removed by Visheshshodhan.
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Basic elements PropertiesExample
Akash Vivardhan- Increase in volume KankshiVayu Ruksha- Increase roughness ShankhaAgni Teja-luster KapardikaAap Ksara-Ksariyata RasonPrithvi Gandha -change in intensity of smell Hingu
REF IMRJ
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Changes during shodhan process
Physical changes
1. Reduction in hardness.
2. Elimination of impurities
3. Increase in brittleness
4. Reduction in particle size.
Chemical changes
1. Elimination of impurities
2. Formation of chemical
compounds.
3.Change in desired
compound.
Biological changes
1.To potentiate its biological
efficacy.
2. Helps in absorption in
body.
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To make the metal suitable for मारण To remove physical and chemical impurities
To make the metal free from toxicity
For easy absorption in body.
अग्ननसंस्कारा मळेु लघ ुगुणाने यकु्त होते ि शरीरसात्म्य बनते.
Purpose
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Purified Drug
Khalva
Ground with Juice of Specified Plants
Small Cakes are made & Dried under fire
Placed in Single Layer in MuD Tray
Closed with another tray (Smeared Cloth)
Pit is dug
Step-II Marana Process
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Pit : Half Filled with dried cow dung
Pit is covered with cow dung cakes
Fire is ignited from all sides
Contents are allowed to cool
Contents are finely powderedwww.bpharmanotes.com
Mulika Marita Bhasma
Marita Bhasma/ Parada Marita Bhasma
Amritikarana Process;
Treating with Triphala decoction, Cow Ghrita etc.
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A double layered cotton cloth is tied at the mouth of pot
and is fastened at neck.
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Whole apparatus is transferred to the pit in such a way that the sarava is exposed.
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INCENERATION METHODS
6/5/202035
Electric heat does not differ significantly from the heat produced by cow dung.
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Ayurvedic Specifications for Bhasmas
1 Niscandrika- Lusterless
2 Rekhapurita-Fineness test
3 Varitara-Floating test
4 Nirdhoom-Smokeless on heating
5 Nisvadu-Tasteless
6 Apunarbhava– Irreversible
7 Loss of metalic statewww.bpharmanotes.com
Fineness
Det. Of Ash: (Acid Insoluble & Water)
LOD
Qualitative Reaction/ Assay
E.g. Gold, Copper, Lead
Q.C./ Evaluation
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METHODS FOR STANDARDISATION
A) PHYSICAL METHODS
B) CHEMICAL METHODS
C) BIOLOGICAL METHODS
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PHYSICAL METHODS
1) XRD-X-ray diffraction
2) SEM-Scanning Electron Microscopy
3) BET-surface area measurement
4) TEM-Transmission Electron Microscopy
5) AFM-Atomic Force Microscopy
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CHEMICAL METHODS
1) EDX-Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis
2) XPS-X-ray Photoelectron Microscopy
3) IR-Infrared Spectroscopy
4) AAS –Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS
1) Effect on body weight
2) Toxicological study
3) Histopathological study
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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TLC,
HPTLC,
SEM, TEM,
XRD, XRF,
AAS, and FTIR.
6/5/202045
These instruments allow better
understanding of materials at
different levels of observation
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Qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis and characterization
TLC, HPTLC
AAS
6/5/202046
for the determination of element
XRD methodcrystalline substance and
its amount present
XRF methodcomposition of solid material
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Qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis and characterization
scanning electron
microscopy-
energy
dispersive X-ray
(SEM-EDX)
6/5/202047
• determination of copper, • phototropic orgms ,
• to see nanoparticles and • typical heterogeneity of
size reduction
intermediary and end product inductively
coupled plasma-atomic emission
spectroscopy(ICP-AES)
Multi element analysis
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A) PHYSICAL METHODS
1) TEM-Transmission Electron MicroscopyAvg. particle size – 57nm
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3) XRD- X-ray Diffraction X-ray diffractometerpeaks at-38.2°,44.2°,64.6°,77.6°No other differaction peaks
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B) CHEMICAL METHODS
1) AAS-Atomic Absoption Spectroscopy-to determine the major & minor element-no mercury;better potential acceptability
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2) IR-Infrared Spectroscopy-applied to determine the presence of organic subs.
-no organic coumpounds-absence of any external organic contamination
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C) BIOLOGICAL METHODS
1) Effect on body weight
-treated animals showed
significant increase in body weight
when compared with control group
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3) Histopathological study
-no changes observed in histology &
anatomy of liver & kidney
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A) PHYSICAL METHODS1) XRD-X ray diffraction
peaks at -35.7°,38.9°.58.5°drug is present as a crystalline form
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XRD CONTINUE…..
Crystallite size
-for drug tamra bhasma under study
32.2nm
-for the standard cupric oxide 23.6nm
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2) SEM- Scanning Electron Microscopy(a) Showed well defined plate like structure
avg.particle size-1µm(b) spongy,compact microcrystlline aggregates
avg particle size 8-10µm
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3) BET-Surface Area Measurement
specific surface area of the particle-for the drug sample- 0.769m²/g-for the std. cupric oxide -2.895m²/g
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B) CHEMICAL METHOD1) EDX-Energy Dispersive X ray AnalysisDetermination of elements present in sample
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2) IR-Infrared Specroscopy
Far IR Spectrum- doblet at 163.62 & 148.17cm¹confirms the presence of (CuO)
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Sr..No Type of Test Purpose
1 EDX-SEM Chemical nature, size and morphology of particles
2 TEM
AFM
Particle size, size distribution
3 XRD Phase analysis4 XRF Bulk chemical analysis after making pellets
5 Single crystal XRD To confirm exact molecular structure of crystalline
intermediates or products
6 Extraction &
Chromatography
To extract out organic matter if any
7 HPLC, NMR, IR, Characterization of organic matter (if>20%wt/wt)
8 BET Surface Area Measurement
Measurement of the specific surface area of the particle
9 XPS Information about surface state of the drug
10 Wet inorganic analysis,
or Ion chromatography
Anion and cation analysis
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रसतरंगिणी रस रत्न समुछचय रसममत्रा Ayurved minerals by P.H. Kulkarni
Alchemy and metallic medicines in Ayurveda by Vaidya Bhagwan Dash
Ayurvedic Formulary of India
Referances
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