computers and computer terminologies
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WHAT IS A COMPUTER? A computer is an electronic device, operating
under the control of instructions stored in its
own memory unit, that can accept data
(input), process data arithmetically andlogically, produce results (output) and store
the results for future use.
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WHAT IS HARDWARE ANDSOFTWARE? Hardware: tangible parts of the computer
E.g. monitor, speaker, keyboard, mouse, hard
drive etc.
oftware: intangible parts of the computersuch as data, information, programs.
E.g. !indows ", !indows #$, %icrosoft
&ffice, Adobe Acrobat 'eader, all &f uty:
*lack &ps, +armville etc.
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MAJOR COMPUTERCOMPONENTS
CU ALU
MAIN MEMORY
INPUT OUTPUT
BACKING
STORAGE
CPU
BLOCK
DIAGRAM OF
COMPUTER
SYSTEM
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MAJOR COMPUTERCOMPONENTS Input Devices: evices used to place data
into a computer system.
E.g. eyboard, mouse, microphone, webcam
etc
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MAJOR COMPUTERCOMPONENTS Output Devices: evices used to obtain
information from a computer system.
E.g. %onitor, speaker, printer etc
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MAJOR COMPUTERCOMPONENTS CPU: -his is the entral $rocessing nit,
which is a semiconductor device which
performs all the processing of instructions
within the computer system. /t consists oftwo ma0or components: the (control unit)
and A1 (arithmetic logic unit).
E.g. /ntel ore 2 uo, A% Athlon #2
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MAJOR COMPUTERCOMPONENTS Cnt!" Unit #CU$: ontrols 3 coordinates
processor4s operation and signals various parts for
orderly working.
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MAJOR COMPUTERCOMPONENTS
M(in Me&!): -emporary storage area (volatile) forprogram data and instructions while being
processed by the $.
E.g. 'A% of the computer: 25* ingston '6 'A%
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MAJOR COMPUTERCOMPONENTS
*(c+in' St!('e: -his device holds programs anddata for e7tended periods (non8volatile) within the
computer system.
E.g. Hard drive of the computer: 9-* eagate A-A// hard drive
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MEMOR, -he %emory of the computer system is used to
store data and instructions to be used by the $.
5enerally memory consists of an array of silicon
chips. -here are several types of memory within
the computer system.
DO NOT get memory confused with the *ackingtorage better known as the econdary torage
devices of the computer e.g. Hard rive, +lashrive etc
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T,PES OF MEMOR, 'A% 'andom Access %emory
'&% 'ead &nly %emory
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T,PES OF MEMOR, RAM #R(n-& Access Me&!)$: -emporary storage
area for program data and instructions while being
processed by the $.
A-v(nt('e:-he $ can access the data and program instructions
;uickly.
Dis(-v(nt('e:
'A% is volatile which means that when the power isturned off on the computer system, all the data and
instructions within 'A% is lost.
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T,PES OF MEMOR,
ROM #Re(- On") Me&!)$: -his type of memoryholds data and program instructions permanently
for use by the computer system.
A-v(nt('e:-he $ can access the data and program instructions
;uickly.
'&% is non8volatile, so that the data or instructions
contained within it, is not lost when the power is turnedoff on the computer system.
Dis(-v(nt('e:ata and instructions cannot be easily changed.
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ROM #READ ONL, MEMOR,$: T)pes . ROM
PROM #P!'!(&&(/"e Re(- On") Me&!)$: ata orinstructions are permanently embedded by the
manufacturer and can never be changed. -his type of
device is also known as an &-$ or a &ne -ime$rogrammable device.
EPROM #E!(s(/"e (n- P!'!(&&(/"e Re(- On") Me&!)$:ata and instructions embedded onto the chip can be
erased and re8programmed by e7posure to strong < light.EEPROM #E"ect!ic("") E!(s(/"e (n- P!'!(&&(/"e Re(-
On") Me&!)$: ata and instructions embedded onto thechip can be erased and re8programmed by e7posure to
electricity.
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